Winning and losing: causes for variability in outcome of fights in male Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Winning and losing: causes for variability in outcome of fights in male Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus)
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输赢：雄性麦哲伦企鹅（Spheniscus magellanicus）战斗结果差异的原因
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Martella
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Renison;D. Boersma;M. Martella
博弈论模型预测，当双方获胜的收益都很高时，战斗能力在比赛结果中应该更重要，而当收益很低时，所有权应该更重要。雄性麦哲伦企鹅（Spheniscus magellanicus）提供了一个在自然环境中测试这些预测的机会，因为在产卵前战斗的企鹅获胜的收益较高，而在产卵后战斗的企鹅获胜的收益较低，从而可以预测谁应该赢和输的差异。从1992年到1996年，我们在阿根廷的蓬塔通博繁殖地观察了大约2000个麦哲伦企鹅巢;我们量化了战斗行为，捆绑参赛者，测量了他们的身体大小（这里用作战斗能力的指数），确定了所有权状态，并监测了他们的繁殖成功率。我们确定雄性麦哲伦企鹅会为巢穴和配偶而争斗。根据理论预测，在产卵前，体型差异比所有权对比赛结果和比赛持续时间的预测更重要。产卵后，主人赢得了战斗，大小并不能预测谁赢了，也不能预测他们战斗了多久。我们对巢的所有权、巢的质量以及赢家和输家的雏鸟的羽毛进行了比较，结果表明，我们对产卵前后赢家利益变化的预测是正确的。我们的结论是，博弈论模型是有用的，在预测谁赢得或失去了战斗中的雄性麦哲伦企鹅和最终的利益，赢得战斗有关的健身。关键词：攻击性、战斗结果、战斗、博弈论、企鹅、麦哲伦楔鼻鱼。[Behav Ecol 13：462-466（2002）]
Game theory models predict that fighting ability should be more important in contest outcome when the payoffs of winning are high for both contestants, and ownership should be more important when payoffs are low. Male Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) provide an opportunity to test these predictions in a natural setting because payoffs of winning are higher for penguins fighting before egg laying and lower for penguins fighting after egg laying, allowing the prediction of differences in who should win and lose. We watched an area of approximately 2000 Magellanic penguin nests from 1992 to 1996 at Punta Tombo breeding colony, Argentina; we quantified fighting behavior, banded contestants, measured their body size (here used as an index of fighting ability), determined ownership status when possible, and monitored their reproductive success. We determined that male Magellanic penguins fought for nests and mates. As theory predicts, before egg laying, body size difference was more important than ownership as a predictor of contest outcome and fight duration. After egg laying, owners won fights, and size did not predict who won or how long they fought. Our comparisons of nest ownership, nest quality, and chicks fledged by winners and losers suggested that our predictions on the change in benefits of winning before and after egg laying were correct. We conclude that game theory models are useful in predicting who won or lost fights in male Magellanic penguins and that ultimate benefits of winning fights are related to fitness. Key words: aggression, fight outcome, fighting, game theory, penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus. [Behav Ecol 13:462–466 (2002)]