The politics of quality and geographic indications for non-timber forest products: Applying Convention Theory beyond food contexts
The politics of quality and geographic indications for non-timber forest products: Applying Convention Theory beyond food contexts
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非木材林产品质量和地理标志的政治：在食品背景之外应用公约理论
DOI：
10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.10.006
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Miyake Yoshitaka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kohsaka Ryo;Miyake Yoshitaka
本研究探讨了如何定义，重新定义和动态制定的利益相关者之间的政治和全球市场压力，同时注册地理标志（地理标志）的非食用非木材林业产品（NTFP）-即岩手木炭和Joboji漆-在日本。为此，公约理论被用作传统上适用于制造或食用产品的两种非关税森林政策的框架。本研究调查了以下相关因素：1）NTFP之间公约类型的过渡及其对登记的影响; 2）公约类型和价值观对森林资源销售和可持续利用的影响。该研究应用了传统理论，尤其是Storper和Salais（1997）创造的生产世界（及其相关类别），因为它的中心焦点是产品质量的形成以及由此产生的消费和唯物主义关系。从历史上看，这两种产品一直受到压力，因为进口价格较低，传统能源木炭和材料来源漆分别被石油产品（包括石油和化学漆）取代。因此，本研究报告中的两项非关税森林产品地理标志登记，除其他选择外，是为了抵制因规模经济和科学标准化方面的技术发展而造成的进口流入。我们观察了传统的变化，并分析了与Boltanski和Thévenot（2006）提出的“价值秩序”相关的概念，在生产的四个类别后面的动态（市场，工业，人际关系和智力资源）由Storper和Salais（1997）提出。我们的问题如下，“与质量有关的地理标志进程是加强了现有公约，还是造成了公约之间的对抗？”这两种NTFP为我们提供了独特和对比鲜明的途径。通过GI过程，有谈判，不一定是口头讨论，但类似仪式的活动，涉及非语言沟通和技术测试，在现场，以确保成员和达成协议的质量。此外，与农产品相比，非木材食品地理标志存在某些挑战;显然，没有味道元素（因为两者都是不可食用的），与消费者的联系可能比与食品的联系弱。在NTFP产品中，标准的制定方法（为了与工业化国家的“通用”产品竞争，或者为了使自己与进口的“专用”产品区分开来）也各不相同。岩手木炭作为工业商品发展起来，制定了更严格的科学标准。另一方面，在建立其标准时，漆宝寺呼吁其历史嵌入性，强调因个别生产者，当地环境和季节的变化而导致的质量差异。因此，参与质量谈判使生产者对某些顾客的需要，如个性化产品或与生产者的关系，十分敏感。由于两者都是林业产品，因此进行了保护工作（确定单个漆树，并在收获木炭后重新种植和修剪），这与消费者的可持续性话语产生了松散的共鸣。然而，怀旧的“家园”感、对手工艺的自豪感和传统之间的微妙联系，而不是绿色和环境话语，才是促进国产漆产品与进口竞争的强大因素。在具有一定碳化程度的木炭的情况下，比较更具技术性。值得注意的非食用NTFPs注册...
This study examines how quality is defined, re-defined and dynamically formulated amongst stakeholders under political and global market pressures while registering geographical indications (GIs) for non-edible non-timber forestry products (NTFPs)—namely,Iwate CharcoalandJoboji Urushi—in Japan. To that end, Convention Theory is used as a framework for the two NTFPs as traditionally applied to manufacturing or edible products. This study investigates the following related factors: 1) the transition of convention types between NTFPs and its impact on registrations and 2) the impact of the convention types and values on the sales and sustainable use of forest resources. The study applies Convention Theory,inter aliaWorlds of Production (and associated categories) coined by Storper and Salais (1997), because of its central focus on the formation of product qualities and the resulting consumption and materialistic relations. Historically, both products have been under pressure because of lower-priced imports and the substitution of the traditional energy source charcoal and material source urushi with petroleum products including oil and chemical lacuquer, respectively. Thus, the two GI registrations of NTFPs in this study were an attempt, among other options, to counter the influx of imports that results from economies of scale and technological development in scientific standardization. We observed changes in the conventions and analyzed dynamism with relevant concepts of “orders of worth,” propounded by Boltanski and Thévenot (2006), behind the four categories of Possible Worlds of Production (Market, Industrial, Interpersonal, and Intellectual Resources) proposed by Storper and Salais (1997).Our question is as follows, “Did the GI process related to quality strengthen the existing convention or did it rather cause confrontation between conventions?” The two NTFPs provide us with unique and contrasting pathways. Through the GI process, there were negotiations, not necessarily verbal discussions, but ceremony-like events, involving nonverbal communications and technical testing, at sites to assure members and reach agreements on quality. Moreover, there are certain challenges for NTFP GIs when compared with agricultural products; obviously, there is no taste element (as both are non-edible) and the associations with consumers are possibly weaker than those with foods are. Even among NTFP products, the methods of setting standards (to compete, or to differentiate themselves, as “dedicated” products from imports of “generic” products in the Industrial World) differed.Iwate Charcoaldeveloped as an industrial commodity and set a stricter scientific standard. Alternatively, in establishing its standard,Joboji Urushiappealed to its historical embeddedness emphasizing differences in quality resulting from variations by individual producer, local environment, and season. Participation in negotiations of quality, thus, makes producers sensitive to the needs of certain customers, such as personalized products or relationships with producers. As both are forestry products, conservation efforts (identifying individual urushi trees and replanting and coppicing after harvesting for charcoal) are practiced, which loosely resonates with consumers’ sustainability discourses. Yet, rather than green and environmental discourses, subtle associations between a nostalgic sense of “homeland,” pride in artisanship and tradition are strong factors in the promotion of domestic urushi products vis-à-vis imported competition. The comparisons are more technical in the case of charcoal with a degree of carbonization. Noteworthy registrations of non-edible NTFPs …