Green primaries: Environmentally friendly energetic complexes
Green primaries: Environmentally friendly energetic complexes
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0600827103
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发表时间：
2006-04-04
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Wetzler, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huynh, MHV;Hiskey, MA;Wetzler, M
起爆药是少量使用，当受到火焰、热量、冲击、电火花或摩擦时产生爆震波。主炸药的爆炸引发了第二传爆药或主装药炸药或推进剂。长期使用叠氮化铅和斯蒂酚酸铅作为起爆药，已造成火炮和射击场的铅污染，成为军事人员和文职人员的一个重大健康危害和环境问题。在美国，每年有数千万人制造使用铅起爆药的装置，从子弹的底火到采矿的雷管。虽然长期以来，大量的合成努力一直集中在寻找更环保的起爆药上，但这个悬而未决的问题已成为高能材料研究的“圣杯”。现有的候选人遭受不稳定或过度敏感，或者他们拥有有毒金属或高氯酸盐。本文报道了四种以前未报道过的基于复杂金属二价阴离子和环境友好阳离子的绿色起爆药（cat）（2）[M-II（NT）（4）（H_2O）（2）]（其中cat为NH ~（4+）或Na ~+，M为Fe ~（2+）或Cu ~（2+），NT ~-为5-硝基四氮唑-N ~（2-））。与铅化合物相比，它们在制备、处理和运输方面更安全，起爆效率与叠氮化铅相当，引爆速度快，可靠性高，与斯蒂芬酸铅相当。值得注意的是，它们具有当前对绿色起爆药的所有要求，并且适合于替代雷管中的铅起爆药。更重要的是，它们可以更安全地合成，不会对人员造成健康风险，对环境造成的污染要小得多。
Primary explosives are used in small quantities to generate a detonation wave when subjected to a flame, heat, impact, electric spark, or friction. Detonation of the primary explosive initiates the secondary booster or main-charge explosive or propellant. Longterm use of lead azide and lead styphnate as primary explosives has resulted in lead contamination at artillery and firing ranges and become a major health hazard and environmental problem for both military and civilian personnel. Devices using lead primary explosives are manufactured by the tens of millions every year in the United States from primers for bullets to detonators for mining. Although substantial synthetic efforts have long been focused on the search for greener primary explosives, this unresolved problem has become a "holy grail" of energetic materials research. Existing candidates suffer from instability or excessive sensitivity, or they possess toxic metals or perchlorate. We report here four previously undescribed green primary explosives based on complex metal dianions and environmentally benign cations, (cat)(2)[M-II(NT)(4)(H2O)(2)] (where cat is NH4+ or Na+, M is Fe2+ or Cu2+, and NT- is 5-nitrotetrazolato-N-2). They are safer to prepare, handle, and transport than lead compounds, have comparable initiation efficiencies to lead azide, and offer rapid reliable detonation comparable with lead styphnate. Remarkably, they possess all current requirements for green primary explosives and are suitable to replace lead primary explosives in detonators. More importantly, they can be synthesized more safely, do not pose health risks to personnel, and cause much less pollution to the environment.