The Predictability and Regularity of Character Divergence
The Predictability and Regularity of Character Divergence
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性格分歧的可预测性和规律性
DOI：
10.1086/282844
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发表时间：
1973
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. Kerfoot
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Kluge;W. Kerfoot
在所研究的所有鱼类、蜥蜴、蛇和鸟类的病例中，通过最大和最小局部样本平均值之间的差异来衡量特征的分歧范围，与其平均局部样本标准差高度显著并正相关。更重要的是，当两个变量都除以本地样本均值的平均值时，这两个变量仍然具有显著的相关性，这消除了均值和标准差之间的关系的贡献。我们的结论是，那些在当地群体中表现出较大变异的性状在群体之间表现出更大的极端差异，这种关系不是统计上的人工产物。在为种群内变异如何限制分歧提供可能的解释时，我们假设，在局部种群中角色的可变性与它可能对个体适应度产生的影响之间存在相反的关系。此外，我们认为，一个人物的发散性必须被认为是其反应的概率和当人口遇到新环境时反应的大小的乘积。我们成功地证明了一组字符的差异与它们各自的表型差异之间的显著关系，这似乎是因为我们最大化了所有字符的响应概率。由于并不是所有的角色都有同样的机会对环境变化做出反应，我们增加了所有角色受到影响的机会，因为考虑到许多不同环境中的众多血统。
The range of divergence of a character, as measured by the difference between its largest and smallest local sample means, is highly significant and positively correlated with its average local-sample standard deviation in all fish, lizard, snake, and bird case histories studied. More important, the two variables remain significantly correlated when both are divided by the mean of local sample means, which eliminates the contribution from the relationship between mean and standard deviation. We conclude that those characters that exhibit greater variation in local populations show greater divergence of extremes between populations, and that such a relationship is not a statistical artifact. In providing a possible explanation for how within-population variation limits divergence, we postulate that there is an inverse relationship between the variability of a character in a local population and the effect it is likely to have on individual fitness. Furthermore, we argue that the divergence of a character must be thought of as the product of the probability of its responding and the magnitude of that response when the population encounters a new environment. Our success in demonstrating a significant relationship between the divergence of a set of characters and their individual phenotypic variances appears to be due to the fact that we have maximized the probability of a response in all characters. Since not all characters have the same chance of responding to an environmental shift, we have increased our chances that all characters will be affected by considering numerous phyletic lineages in many diverse environments.