Genetic model of the El Laco magnetite-apatite deposits by extrusion of iron-rich melt.

Genetic model of the El Laco magnetite-apatite deposits by extrusion of iron-rich melt.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022-33302-z
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发表时间:
2022-10-17
影响因子:
16.6
通讯作者:
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中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
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磁铁矿-磷灰石矿床是铁和其他金属的重要来源。一个突出的例子是智利北部埃尔拉科火山的磁铁矿熔岩。它们的形成过程仍然存在争议。在这里,我们测试了一种成因假设,即富铁熔体从硅酸盐岩浆中分离出来,并沿着与塌陷相关的裂缝上升。我们用热力学模型补充了最近的分析,以证实 El Laco 熔体包裹体中明显的铁硅液体不混溶性,并提出了富铁和硅熔体的粘度测量,以评估不混溶液体分离的时间和长度尺度。使用岩石变形模型,我们证明火山塌陷可以形成向建筑物侧面延伸的破坏区,尽管矿液密度很高,但沿着该破坏区,矿液会在蒸气析出的驱动下上升至挤压。我们的结果支持了所提出的埃尔拉科矿床岩浆成因。地球化学和结构的相似性表明其他地方的磁铁矿-磷灰石矿床是通过类似的过程形成的。火山可以喷发矿藏吗?这项研究结合了观察、实验和模拟,表明埃尔拉科火山上的铁矿石沉积物是由熔体喷发形成的,这些熔体源自下方硅酸盐岩浆体中富铁熔体的分离。
Magnetite-apatite deposits are important sources of iron and other metals. A prominent example are the magnetite lavas at the El Laco volcano, Northern Chile. Their formation processes remain debated. Here, we test the genetic hypothesis that an Fe-rich melt separated from silicate magma and ascended along collapse-related fractures. We complement recent analyses with thermodynamic modelling to corroborate Fe-Si liquid immiscibility evident in melt inclusions at El Laco and present viscometry of Fe- and Si-rich melts to assess the time and length scales of immiscible liquid separation. Using a rock deformation model, we demonstrate that volcano collapse can form failure zones extending towards the edifice flanks along which the ore liquid ascends towards extrusion driven by vapour exsolution despite its high density. Our results support the proposed magmatic genesis for the El Laco deposits. Geochemical and textural similarities indicate magnetite-apatite deposits elsewhere form by similar processes. Can volcanoes erupt ore deposits? This study combines observations, experiments, and simulations to show that iron ore deposits on El Laco volcano formed by eruption of melt sourced from separation of Fe-rich melt from a silicate magma body beneath.
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