Alcohol and Health Focus On: Alcohol and the Immune System Overview of the Human Immune System Alcohol and Health Alcohol and Health Alcohol and the Innate Immune Response Alcohol and Health-猫眼课题宝

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P. Molina;K. Happel;Ping Zhang;J. Kolls;S. Nelson;E. Patricia;Molina

酗酒会抑制免疫反应的多个分支，导致感染的风险增加。酒精滥用患者的细菌和病毒感染的过程和解决严重受损，导致更高的患者发病率和死亡率。酒精免疫抑制作用的多种机制已被确定。这些机制涉及胃肠道和呼吸道的结构性宿主防御机制，以及先天和适应性免疫系统的所有主要组成部分，这些主要组成部分通过酒精的直接作用和酒精相关的其他成分失调而受到损害。通过分析酒精对免疫系统不同组成部分的不同影响，我们可以深入了解导致酗酒人群感染风险更高的因素。其中一些机制与感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病、结核病、肝炎和肺炎的人继续使用和滥用酒精的病理直接相关。关键词：酒精滥用；酒精和其他药物的影响和后果；免疫系统;免疫反应;免疫抑制效果;感染;细菌感染;病毒感染;传染病;宿主防御机制B急性和慢性酒精滥用都可以通过干扰免疫反应的多个方面，导致机体对微生物（即病原体）的防御出现重大缺陷。早在1785年，美国第一任卫生局局长本杰明·拉什（Benjamin Rush）就已经认识到慢性酗酒者感染的风险和严重程度增加。酒精滥用对感染风险和严重程度的影响已得到充分证明，特别是呼吸道感染，特别是细菌性肺炎和结核病（Zhang等人，2008）。饮酒还与丙型肝炎感染的高发率有关（Prakash et al. 2002），并增加感染人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的风险，特别是在酗酒者中（Baliunas et al. 2009）。除了增加感染的风险外，据报道，酒精滥用还会导致酗酒患者因这些感染而发病和死亡。这在慢性感染中尤其重要，如HIV和丙型肝炎。在简要介绍了人体免疫系统及其各种组成部分之后，本文总结了酒精对这些组成部分的不同影响。我们的身体经常暴露于病原体之下，这些病原体要么通过我们的外表面（即皮肤），通过伤口或烧伤，要么通过呼吸系统的内表面（即上皮）……

Alcohol abuse suppresses multiple arms of the immune response, leading to an increased risk of infections. The course and resolution of both bacterial and viral infections is severely impaired in alcoholabusing patients, resulting in greater patient morbidity and mortality. Multiple mechanisms have been identified underlying the immunosuppressive effects of alcohol. These mechanisms involve structural host defense mechanisms in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract as well as all of the principal components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are compromised both through alcohol's direct effects and through alcoholrelated dysregulation of other components. Analyses of alcohol's diverse effects on various components of the immune system provide insight into the factors that lead to a greater risk of infection in the alcoholabusing population. Some of these mechanisms are directly related to the pathology found in people with infections such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and pneumonia who continue to use and abuse alcohol. KEY WORDS: Alcohol abuse; alcohol and other drug effects and consequences; immune system; immune response; immunosuppressive effect; infection; bacterial infection; viral infection; communicable disease; host defense mechanisms B oth acute and chronic alcohol abuse can induce significant defects in the body's defense against microorganisms (i.e., pathogens) by interfering with multiple aspects of the immune response. The resulting increased risk and severity of infections in chronic alcoholics has been recog nized as early as 1785, by Benjamin Rush, the first Surgeon General of the United States. The impact of alcohol abuse on risk and severity of infection has been demonstrated par ticularly well for infections of the respiratory tract, especially bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis (Zhang et al. 2008). Alcohol consumption also is associated with a higher preva lence of hepatitis C infection (Prakash et al. 2002) and increases the risk of infection with the human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV), particularly in binge drinkers (Baliunas et al. 2009). In addition to increasing the risk of infections, alcohol abuse has been reported to contribute to the morbidity and mortality resulting from these infections in alcohol abusing patients. This is particularly relevant in chronic infections, such as HIV and hepatitis C. After providing a brief overview of the human immune system and its various components, this article summarizes alcohol's diverse effects on these components. The body constantly is exposed to pathogens that penetrate either our external surface (i.e., the skin), through wounds or burns, or the internal surfaces (i.e., epithelia) lining the respiratory …

Alcohol and Health Focus On: Alcohol and the Immune System Overview of the Human Immune System Alcohol and Health Alcohol and Health Alcohol and the Innate Immune Response Alcohol and Health

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