Constraints on the evolution of azole resistance in plant pathogenic fungi
Constraints on the evolution of azole resistance in plant pathogenic fungi
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DOI：
10.1111/ppa.12128
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发表时间：
2013-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Fraaije, B. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cools, H. J.;Hawkins, N. J.;Fraaije, B. A.
唑类杀真菌剂在防治农业上重要的病原真菌中的耐久性在现代单活性中心杀真菌剂中是独特的。今天，唑类仍然依赖于控制许多作物的病原体，包括谷物、水果和蔬菜、油菜和大豆。值得注意的是，尽管有许多关于唑类耐药真菌菌株的报道，这种广泛使用仍在继续。本文就唑类耐药的研究进展及耐药表型的相关机制进行综述。唑目标甾醇14-脱甲基酶（CYP 51）酶在现代欧洲人口的小麦病原体禾生球腔菌复杂的进化的例子是用来描述杀真菌剂的敏感性和酶功能的目标位点突变的定量和上位效应，并探讨假设，CYP 51进化的限制，确保了唑类的寿命。此外，所造成的威胁，替代抗性机制造成交叉抗性的所有唑类，甚至无关的杀菌剂进行了讨论，并推测如何使用新的基因组技术，以获得更好的了解唑类抗性进化应提高能力，以控制唑类耐药菌株的植物病原真菌在未来。
The durability of azole fungicides in controlling agriculturally important pathogenic fungi is unique amongst modern single site fungicides. Today, azoles are still relied on to control pathogens of many crops including cereals, fruits and vegetables, canola and soybeans. Significantly, this widespread use continues despite many reports of azole-resistant fungal strains. In this review, recent reports of azole resistance and the mechanisms associated with resistant phenotypes are discussed. The example of the complex evolution of the azole target sterol 14-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme in modern European populations of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is used to describe the quantitative and epistatic effects on fungicide sensitivity and enzyme function of target site mutations, and to explore the hypothesis that constraints on CYP51 evolution have ensured the longevity of azoles. In addition, the threats posed by alternative resistance mechanisms causing cross-resistance to all azoles or even unrelated fungicides are discussed, and postulations are made on how using new genomic technologies to gain a greater understanding of azole resistance evolution should enhance the ability to control azole-resistant strains of plant pathogenic fungi in the future.