How To Be Loyal, Rich And Have Fun Too: The Fun Is Yet To Come
How To Be Loyal, Rich And Have Fun Too: The Fun Is Yet To Come
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如何变得忠诚、富有并享受乐趣：乐趣尚未到来
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
David Hales
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Rouchier;David Hales
“，一个水果和蔬菜批发市场，位于马赛附近，是零售商的主要供应中心之一。价格的制定是通过一对一的互动沿着上午进行的，只有口头信息被提供给零售商。为了制定价格，每个批发商都与市场上的所有同行竞争，并依赖于供应商的报价。所有零售商的间接竞争对手是超市供应商，他们定义了平均价格超市使用替代（和更大的）供应链。在经济学领域，对真实的市场的研究还不是很发达（Kirman，2002）。古典经济学分析的是理想价格，即当特定的买方和卖方相遇时应该出现的价格，他们的保留价格是已知的。保留价格是市场研究中的一个关键概念：它代表卖方希望获得的最低价格（或者买方愿意给出的最高价格）。一旦人们知道了所有的保留价格，就有可能知道谁能够交换，谁的期望无法实现;然后建立一条报价和需求曲线，这条曲线相交于一个称为均衡价格的值。一个经典的方法可以通过评估其效率来询问市场机构的性质（机构可以是例如拍卖或配对互动），即与具有最佳匹配的理想价值相比所产生的总价值。另一个问题是通过交易为代理人产生的信息：每笔交易多少揭示了其他人的保留价格（以及他们的偏好）。一旦人们开始研究信息是如何产生和处理的个人，它成为有趣的研究市场在真实的，以便找出个人实际上如何处理动态提供和需求，可以通过交易，价格建议，短缺的幻影表达。一个趋势是行为经济学家领导的研究，他们将人们置于人为控制的市场环境中（Smith，2002; Rabin，2002）。他们沿着时间观察提案和接受的交易，并且可以限制和监控任何信息流通。他们分析了价格动态如何与被选择来组织互动的机构相关。他们用比较来建立他们的假设：他们在不同的环境中观察真实的行为，在这些环境中，信息的数量和质量可能会有所不同。另一种方法是研究自然环境中的真实的市场，在自然环境中没有变量可以控制。虽然人工市场能够研究在市场活动中经历短期互动的个人的行为，但对活市场的观察可以
”, a wholesale fruits and vegetables market, situated near Marseille, and which represents one of the main hubs of supply for retailers. The elaboration of prices takes place through one-to-one interactions along the morning, with only oral information being given to retailers. To elaborate its prices, each wholesale seller competes with all his colleagues of the market and is dependent on its suppliers’ offers. The indirect competitors of all retailers are the supermarket suppliers, which define the average prices Supermarkets use an alternate (and larger) supply chain. The study of real markets is not extremely developed yet in the economics field (Kirman, 2002). Classical economic analysis deals with ideal prices that ought to appear when certain buyers and sellers, whose reservation prices are known, meet. Reservation price is a key concept in the study of markets: it stands for the minimum price a seller wants to get for the product he is selling (alternatively the maximum price a buyer is willing to give). Once ones knows all the reservation prices, it is indeed possible to know who will be able to exchange and who has expectations that cannot be fulfilled; then to build an offer and demand curve, which intersect at a value called the equilibrium price. A classical approach enables to interrogate the nature of market institutions (institutions can be for example auctions or paired interactions) by evaluating their efficiency, i.e. the total value produced compared to an ideal value with the best possible matching. An other issue is the one of information that is generated for the agents by exchanges that take place: how much does each transaction reveal of the reservation prices of the others (and hence their preferences). Once one starts to study how information is generated and processed by individuals, it becomes interesting to study markets in real, so that to find out how individuals actually deal with dynamical offers and demands that can be expressed through transactions, price proposals, apparition of shortages. One trend is the study led by behavioural economists, who put people in artificial controlled market settings (Smith, 2002; Rabin, 2002). They observe the proposals and accepted transactions along the time, and can limit and monitor any information circulation. They analyse how prices dynamics can be related to the institution that is chosen to organise the interactions. They use comparison to establish their hypothesis: they observe real actions in different settings, where the quantity and quality of information can vary. Another approach is the study of real markets in their natural environment, where no variable can becontrolled. Whereas artificial markets enable to study the actions of individuals undergoing short-time interactions in a market activity, the observation of a living market can