The psychological refractory period: Evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing
The psychological refractory period: Evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing
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DOI：
10.1037/0882-7974.13.2.218
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发表时间：
1998-06-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sperry, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allen, PA;Smith, AF;Sperry, S
作者报告了两个心理不应期（PRP）实验，在实验中，任务1和任务2之间的刺激开始异步（SOA）分别为150 ms、250 ms、600 ms和1100 ms。H. Pashler （1994a）的响应选择瓶颈理论预测，SOA操作不应该影响任务1的性能，但任务2的反应时间（RT）应该随着两个任务之间的SOA减少而增加（即经典的PRP效应）。在实验1（任务1 =辨别音调，任务2 =点定位）中，尽管任务1 RT受到SOA的影响，但老年人比年轻人表现出更大的PRP效应，这表明参与者在某些试验中分组了他们的反应。也就是说，参与者在完成任务2之前，一直保持对任务1的反应，然后他们几乎同时对两个任务做出反应。然而，一组参与者（11名年轻人和11名老年人）在任务1中没有表现出反应分组的证据，但在任务2中，老年人的PRP效应仍然更大。在实验2（任务1 =点定位，任务2 =同时匹配字母）中，老年人在任务2中继续表现出比年轻人更大的PRP效应，并且任务1的表现不受SOA的影响。因此，这些实验提供的证据表明，老年人（相对于年轻人）在处理的反应选择阶段表现出时间分配的减少。这些结果表明，注意力分时需要添加到注意力多样性老龄化研究的主题列表中。
The authors report 2 psychological refractory period (PRP) experiments in which the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between Task 1 and Task 2 was 150 ms, 250 ms, 600 ms, and 1,100 ms for both younger and older adults. H. Pashler's (1994a) response-selection bottleneck theory predicts that SOA manipulations should not affect Task 1 performance, but that reaction time (RT) for Task 2 should increase as the SOA between the 2 tasks decreases (i.e., the classical PRP effect). In Experiment 1 (Task 1 = tone discrimination, Task 2 = dot location), older adults showed a larger PRP effect than younger adults did, although Task 1 RT was affected by SOA, suggesting that participants were grouping their responses on some trials. That is, participants were holding their response for Task 1 until they had completed processing Task 2, and then they responded to both tasks almost simultaneously. However, a subset of participants (11 younger adults and 11 older adults) who showed no evidence of response grouping on Task 1 continued to shaw a larger PRP effect for older adults on Task 2. In Experiment 2 (Task 1 = dot location, Task 2 = simultaneous letter matching), older adults continued to show a larger PRP effect than younger adults for Task 2, and Task 1 performance was unaffected by SOA. Consequently, these experiments provide evidence that older adults (relative to younger adults) exhibit a decrement in time-sharing at the response-selection stage of processing. These results suggest that attentional time-sharing needs to be added to the list of topics examined in aging research on varieties of attention.