Gender, risk assessment, and sanctioning: The cost of treating women like men.
Gender, risk assessment, and sanctioning: The cost of treating women like men.
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性别、风险评估和制裁：像对待男性一样对待女性的成本。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Christopher T. Lowenkamp
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jennifer L Skeem;J. Monahan;Christopher T. Lowenkamp
美国各地的司法管辖区越来越多地使用风险评估工具，在不损害公共安全的情况下，为解除大规模监禁的努力奠定基础。尽管结果令人振奋，但批评人士反对使用这些工具来为量刑和矫正决定提供信息。一种论点是，使用将性别作为风险因素的手段将在制裁方面歧视男子。基于14,310名联邦罪犯的样本，我们实证地测试了一种忽略性别的工具--定罪后风险评估(PcrA)--的预测公正性。我们发现，PcrA强烈预测了男女都会被捕，但高估了女性再次犯罪的可能性。对于给定的PcrA分数，基于性别组合的预测逮捕概率对女性来说太高了。尽管性别中立显然是一个有吸引力的概念，但它可能会转化为对女性的工具偏见和过于严厉的制裁。关于不同影响的道德问题，我们发现女性在PcrA上的平均分数略低于男性(d=.32，99%CI=.29-.35，或分数重叠的87%)；这种差异完全归因于男性更多的犯罪史，这一因素已经嵌入量刑指南。(SqucINFO数据库记录
Increasingly, jurisdictions across the United States are using risk assessment instruments to scaffold efforts to unwind mass incarceration without compromising public safety. Despite promising results, critics oppose the use of these instruments to inform sentencing and correctional decisions. One argument is that the use of instruments that include gender as a risk factor will discriminate against men in sanctioning. On the basis of a sample of 14,310 federal offenders, we empirically test the predictive fairness of an instrument that omits gender, the Post Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA). We found that the PCRA strongly predicts arrests for both genders, but overestimates women's likelihood of recidivism. For a given PCRA score, the predicted probability of arrest, which is based on combining both genders, is too high for women. Although gender neutrality is an obviously appealing concept, it may translate into instrument bias and overly harsh sanctions for women. With respect to the moral question of disparate impact, we found that women obtain slightly lower mean scores on the PCRA than men (d = .32, 99% CI = .29-.35, or 87% overlap in scores); this difference is wholly attributable to men's greater criminal history, a factor already embedded in sentencing guidelines. (PsycINFO Database Record