Understanding the Laundering of Organized Crime Money

Understanding the Laundering of Organized Crime Money
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了解有组织犯罪资金的洗钱

DOI:
10.1086/708047
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
Crime and Justice
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Levi M
Levi M
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Levi M

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有四个条件影响有组织犯罪洗钱的复杂性。首先是产生收益的各种犯罪类型和形式,包括付款类型、受害者或当局对犯罪的可见性,以及发生金融调查之前的间隔时间(如果发生的话)。其次,个人净利润的多少导致了罪犯之间的差异,他们不需要洗钱,他们自己洗钱,他们需要第三方的帮助。其三是犯罪嫌疑人使用和投资犯罪所得的目的和偏好。投资通常离家乡或国家很近;有些人选择行使权力,但大部分人都在享乐主义的生活方式上自由地花费了。第四,反洗钱制度的预期和实际审查和干预水平影响储蓄和再投资决策以及一些逮捕和没收,但没有明确的因果关系。这四种情况可以以多种方式相互交织。当条件需要或刺激更复杂的洗钱计划时,这不仅反映在技术上,而且反映在出现的或作为先决条件的社会网络上。复杂的案件往往依赖于专业人士的协助,他们是犯罪分子通常圈子之外的人,他们被雇佣来解决特定的财政和司法瓶颈。
Four conditions influence the complexity of organized crime money laundering. First are diverse types of crime and forms in which proceeds are generated, including the type of payment, the visibility of crimes to victims or authorities, and the lapse before financial investigation occurs (if it does). Second, the amount of individual net profits causes differences between criminals who have no use for laundering, who self-launder, and who need assistance from third parties. Third are the offender’s goals and preferences in spending and investing crime proceeds. Investments are often close to home or country; some opt to wield power, but much is freely spent on a hedonistic lifestyle. Fourth, expected and actual levels of scrutiny and intervention of the anti–money laundering regime influence saving and reinvestment decisions and some arrests and confiscations, but there is no clear cause-and-effect relationship. The four conditions can intertwine in numerous ways. When conditions necessitate or stimulate more complex laundering schemes, this is reflected not only in techniques but also in social networks that emerge or are preconditions. Complex cases often depend on the assistance of professionals, outsiders to the criminal’s usual circle, who are hired to solve particular financial and jurisdictional bottlenecks.
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