Epileptiform activity during inert gas euthanasia of mice.
Epileptiform activity during inert gas euthanasia of mice.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0195872
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Bettschart-Wolfensberger R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gent TC;Detotto C;Vyssotski AL;Bettschart-Wolfensberger R
二氧化碳(CO2)是小鼠最常用的安乐死药物之一，但它具有高度的厌恶性和伤害性。惰性气体是一种可能的替代方法，但也有因暴露而导致癫痫发作的定性报告。在这里，我们评估了惰性气体(氮气、氦气、Ar和Xe)和二氧化碳在接受单次气体安乐死的慢性脑电/肌电检查小鼠中引起的癫痫样活动。我们发现，氮气、氦气和Ar在所有动物中都会引起癫痫样活动，二氧化碳在一半的动物中会引起癫痫样活动，而Xe没有引起癫痫样活动。在癫痫样活动开始时，二氧化碳的大气O2浓度显著高于所有其他气体，并且发生在失去运动后不久，而N_2和Ar样活动发生在新皮质活动停止时。氦气引起的癫痫样活动持续时间最长，而且这些活动在等电脑波之前就开始了。在活跃的行为中，我们没有检测到任何癫痫样活动。综上所述，这些结果表明，虽然惰性气体，特别是Ar和N2的癫痫样活动比二氧化碳更普遍，但它们在等电脑电开始时出现不太可能影响动物的福利。来自这些气体的癫痫样活动不应阻止它们作为安乐死药物的进一步研究。二氧化碳引起的癫痫样活动不太可能像惰性气体那样是由缺氧引起的。氦在新皮质活动停止之前引起癫痫样活动，持续时间较长，因此不太适合作为二氧化碳的替代品。
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most commonly used euthanasia agents for mice, yet it is highly aversive and nociceptive. Inert gases are a possible alternative, however there are qualitative reports of seizures resulting from exposure. Here we evaluate epileptiform activity caused by inert gases (N2, He, Ar and Xe) and CO2 in mice chronically instrumented for EEG/EMG undergoing single-gas euthanasia. We found that N2, He and Ar caused epileptiform activity in all animals, CO2 in half of animals and no epileptiform activity produced by Xe. Atmospheric O2 concentrations at epileptiform activity onset were significantly higher for CO2 than for all other gases and occurred soon after loss of motion, whereas N2 and Ar epileptiform activity occurred at cessation of neocortical activity. Helium caused the longest epileptiform activity and these commenced significantly before isoelectric EEG. We did not detect any epileptiform activity during active behaviour. Taken together, these results demonstrate that whilst epileptiform activity from inert gases and particularly Ar and N2 are more prevalent than for CO2, their occurrence at the onset of an isoelectric EEG is unlikely to impact on the welfare of the animal. Epileptiform activity from these gases should not preclude them from further investigation as euthanasia agents. The genesis of epileptiform activity from CO2 is unlikely to result from hypoxia as with the inert gases. Helium caused epileptiform activity before cessation of neocortical activity and for a longer duration and is therefore less suitable as an alternative to CO2.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Thomas AA;Flecknell PA;Golledge HD
通讯作者：
Golledge HD
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1302229110
发表时间：
2013-04-02
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Sekar, Krithiga;Findley, William M.;Llinas, Rodolfo R.
通讯作者：
Llinas, Rodolfo R.
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Vyssotski, Alexei L.;Dell'Omo, Giacomo;Lipp, Hans-Peter
通讯作者：
Lipp, Hans-Peter
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Koblin, DD;Fang, ZX;Trudell, JR
通讯作者：
Trudell, JR
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Misonou, H;Mohapatra, DP;Trimmer, JS
通讯作者：
Trimmer, JS