Xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactive species generation: A process in critical need of reevaluation.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactive species generation: A process in critical need of reevaluation.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.redox.2013.05.002
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发表时间:
2013-06-10
期刊:
影响因子:
11.4
通讯作者:
Kelley EE
Kelley EE
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Cantu-Medellin N;Kelley EE

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自从发现黄嘌呤氧化还原酶 (XOR) 作为缺血/再灌注损伤中活性物质的关键来源以来,已经过去了近 30 年。从那时起,许多炎症性疾病过程都与 XOR 活性升高和相关反应物质形成相关,这巩固了 XOR 活性增强等同于负面临床结果的意识形态。然而,最近的证据可能通过描述异或的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原酶能力来打破这一范式,其中异或可能被认为是缺血/缺氧/酸性条件下有益的NO的重要来源。设置类似于限制一氧化氮合酶功能的设置。在此,我们回顾了异或催化活性物质的生成,并确定了关键的微环境因素,这些因素的相互作用影响了所产生的活性物质(氧化剂与NO)的特性。通过这样做,我们重新定义了现有的教条,并为一种酶提供了新的认识,这种酶经历了进化过程,不像牛虻,而是维持体内平衡的关键组成部分。炎症引起的 XO 升高长期以来一直与负面结果相关。然而,人们对 XO 衍生的活性物质的生成知之甚少,从而导致了误解。例如,XO 的主要反应产物是 H2O2 而不是 O2•−。而且,最近的报告表明,XO 和亚硝酸盐可产生有益的•NO。因此,对 XO 催化活性物质生成的详细重新评估至关重要。
Nearly 30 years have passed since the discovery of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) as a critical source of reactive species in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since then, numerous inflammatory disease processes have been associated with elevated XOR activity and allied reactive species formation solidifying the ideology that enhancement of XOR activity equates to negative clinical outcomes. However, recent evidence may shatter this paradigm by describing a nitrate/nitrite reductase capacity for XOR whereby XOR may be considered a crucial source of beneficial •NO under ischemic/hypoxic/acidic conditions; settings similar to those that limit the functional capacity of nitric oxide synthase. Herein, we review XOR-catalyzed reactive species generation and identify key microenvironmental factors whose interplay impacts the identity of the reactive species (oxidants vs. •NO) produced. In doing so, we redefine existing dogma and shed new light on an enzyme that has weathered the evolutionary process not as gadfly but a crucial component in the maintenance of homeostasis. Inflammation-induced elevation of XO has long been associated with negative outcomes. Yet, XO-derived reactive species generation is poorly understood leading to misconceptions. For example, H2O2 and not O2•− is the major reactive product of XO. And, recent reports demonstrate beneficial •NO production by XO and nitrite. As such, a detailed reevaluation of XO-catalyzed reactive species generation is crucial.
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