The "timbre" of loneliness in later life.
The "timbre" of loneliness in later life.
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DOI：
10.1017/s1041610221001046
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发表时间：
2021-12
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Palmer, Barton W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gentry, Miya;Palmer, Barton W.
与SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19大流行相关的社交距离限制引起了人们对老年人社交孤立和孤独问题的更多关注（Vahia等人，2020; Frenkel-Yosef等人，2020年）。关于老年人孤独感的实证研究可以追溯到半个多世纪（Munnichs，1964），但在过去的十年中，专业和非专业媒体以及政府和公共政策界的关注度有所上升（Levine，2018;美国参议院老龄问题特别委员会，2020）。在过去的十年中，大部分的关注都是基于对孤独在医学并发症、痴呆和早期死亡方面的不利下游生物效应的关注（Frenkel-Yosef et al.，2020; Lutzman等人，2021; Goldberg等人，2021年）。虽然孤独的生物学影响当然很重要，但考虑孤独对生活质量和心理健康的负面影响至少是同等重要的，如果不是更重要的话。孤独的定义是一种心理困扰，即对一个人的关系的质量或数量相对于那个人的愿望的感知差异的困扰（Cacioppo和帕特里克，2008）。孤独的痛苦可以采取多种形式，并由一个人所期望的与感知的社会关系和环境之间的不同类型的差异引发。孤独的触发因素或社会焦点可能会有所不同，从对（尚未）存在的关系的渴望到对已经发生根本变化或不再存在的关系的悲伤。此外，孤独的情绪困扰可以被体验为任何不愉快的感觉，如焦虑，悲伤，怨恨/愤怒或绝望的组合。有各种各样的努力来分类孤独的类型。最常被引用的是韦斯（1973）在1973年提出的关于情感孤独与社会孤独的观点。情感孤独可以理解为对亲密关系的未满足的渴望。相比之下，社交孤独可能是一个人在更广泛的社交网络中自我感知的缺陷（Cacioppo和帕特里克，2008;韦斯，1973）。或者，基于对20项版本的UCLA孤独量表（UCLA-LS）的项目反应的因素分析，Russell et al.（1980）和Hawkley et al.（2005）区分了三个孤独因素：
The social distancing restrictions associated with the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic brought increased attention to issues of social isolation and loneliness among older adults (Vahia et al., 2020; Frenkel-Yosef et al., 2020). The body of empirical research on loneliness among older adults goes back over half a century (Munnichs, 1964), but the past decade has seen an uptick in attention in the professional and lay-press, as well as government and public policy circles (Levine, 2018; United States Senate Special Commitee on Aging, 2020). Much of the focus over the past decade has been grounded in concern about the adverse downstream biological effects of loneliness in terms of medical comorbidity, dementia, and early mortality (Frenkel-Yosef et al., 2020; Lutzman et al., 2021; Goldberg et al., 2021). Although the biological impact of loneliness is of course important, it is at least equally if not more critical to consider the adverse effects of loneliness on quality of life and mental well-being.Loneliness by definition is a form of psychological distress, ie distress about a perceived discrepancy in the quality or quantity of one’s relationships relative to those the person desires (Cacioppo and Patrick, 2008). The distress of loneliness can take many forms and be triggered by different types of discrepancies between one’s desired vs. perceived social relationships and environment. The triggers or social focus of loneliness may vary from a longing for relationships that do not (yet) exist to grief for relationships that have fundamentally changed or are no longer available. Moreover, the emotional distress of loneliness can be experienced as any combination of unpleasant feelings such as anxiety, sadness, resentment/anger, or despair. There have been a variety of efforts to categorize the types of loneliness. The most frequently cited is that proposed in 1973 by Weiss (1973) in terms of emotional vs. social loneliness. Emotional loneliness may be understood as an unmet desire for a close/intimate relationship. In contrast, social loneliness may be experienced as a self-perceived deficiency in one’s broader social network of friends (Cacioppo and Patrick, 2008; Weiss, 1973). Alternatively, based on factor analyses of responses to items on the 20-item version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), Russell et al.(1980) and Hawkley et al.(2005) differentiated three loneliness factors: