Education Reform and Social Class in Japan: The Emerging Incentive Divide
Education Reform and Social Class in Japan: The Emerging Incentive Divide
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日本的教育改革和社会阶层：正在出现的激励鸿沟
DOI：
10.4324/9780203076996
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Takehiko Kariya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Takehiko Kariya
社会学家将社会划分为两种类型，即属性社会和成就社会。在属性社会或贵族社会中，种族、性别、家庭背景等属性决定了一个人最终所属的社会阶级。一个人不能靠自己改变或消除他或她的属性。然而，在一个成就或精英社会，人们是平等的，自由得到保障，因此他们可以获得财富和社会地位，而不管他们的出身如何。人生的成功取决于一个人的能力和努力。在一个成就社会中，教育被认为是社会的阶梯。因此，家庭出身和教育成就不应相互关联，学校教育是职业成功的必要工具。学校可以教学生有用的知识和技能，他们可以在未来的工作生活中使用。平等的教育机会是自由与平等之间的妥协，而自由与平等是成就社会的核心价值。理想情况下，平等的教育机会应该得到支持，作为在现代民主国家创造成就社会的一种手段，然而，社会学家经常指出，在真实的世界中，情况往往并非如此。研究人员指出，来自富裕家庭的孩子更有可能在学校取得成功。一些家庭可以花更多的钱购买各种书籍、个人电脑、上私立学校、请家教，这些都有助于孩子在学习上取得进步。他们还断言，父母一方或双方都是大学毕业生的家庭拥有更多的文化资本，这有助于进一步激励孩子学习。其他研究人员声称，成功的学生可能从父母那里继承了更好的基因，从而导致学业成就。同样，一些家庭的态度、行为和文化更接近学校的态度、行为和文化，这将有助于来自这样一个家庭的孩子学到更多。事实上，一些家庭在家里使用更复杂的语言，这在学校生活中也可能有优势。评论文章
Sociologists distinguish societies into two types in terms of allocating people to certain social class: an attribute and achievement society. In an attribute society or aristocracy society, an attribute such as race, sex, family background determines the social class to which one will ultimately belong. An individual cannot change or eliminate his or her attributes by his or herself. However, in an achievement or meritocratic society, people are equal and guaranteed freedom, and therefore they can obtain wealth and social status irrespective of their origin. Success in life depends on one’s ability and effort. In an achievement society, education is expected to function as a social ladder. As such, family origin and educational achievement are not intended to be correlated, and school education is a necessary tool for occupational success. Schools can teach students useful knowledge and skills that they can use in their future working lives. An equal opportunity for education is a compromise between freedom and equality, which are core values in an achievement society. Ideally, equal opportunity for education should be supported as a means of creating an achievement society in a modern democracy, however, sociologists often point out that this is often not the case in the real world. Researchers point out that children from affluent families are more likely to succeed in school. Some families can spend more money on various books, personal computers, attending private schools, and having private tutors, which all help children to make progress in their learning. They also assert that families with a parent or often both parents who are college graduates possess more cultural capital, which can further help to motivate their children to learn. Other researchers claim that successful students may inherit better genes from their parents that results in academic achievement. Similarly, the attitudes, behavior, and culture of some families are closer to those of schools, which would help children from such a family to learn more. Indeed, some families use more sophisticated language at home, which also may have an advantage in school life. Review Article