Chick Growth and Fledgling Performance of Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas on Mikura Island for Two Breeding Seasons
Chick Growth and Fledgling Performance of Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas on Mikura Island for Two Breeding Seasons
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三仓岛条纹海鸥两个繁殖季的雏鸟生长和雏鸟性能
DOI：
10.3312/jyio1952.34.39
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
N. Maruyama
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Oka;Hitoshi Suginome;Norio Jida;N. Maruyama
1985年和1990年在日本伊豆群岛三仓岛（33°52′n, 139°14′e）对条纹鹱的雏鸟生长和雏鸟性能进行了研究，共89只。雏鸡平均在8月中旬（13日、17日）孵化，平均体重59 ~ 73g，占成年鸡平均体重552g的11% ~ 13%。成鸟在孵化后平均陪伴雏鸟4天。雏鸟孵化时暴露的羽门、跗骨和翼长分别为成虫平均体型（49、51和310mm）的42%、38%和8%。雏鸡在9月中旬约40天大时达到成虫的平均体重。10月中旬，70日龄左右，平均体质量达到峰值（734 ~ 739g），比平均成年体重约33 ~ 34%。羽化前体重下降导致雏鸡在最后三周内体重峰值下降30%，羽化时体重为519-522g，与秋季成虫或亚成虫平均体重508g无显著差异。在整个雏鸟时期，每隔几天到一周，雏鸟的体重就会以一种不稳定的方式增加。在第9-22天，体重和骨骼部分（culmen和跗骨）的增长速度最大（分别为13.8g， 1.0mm和0.6mm/d），而飞行羽毛和平均39天出现的尾羽在约62-75天时增长最快（3.0mm/d[为鹭]和4.3mm/d[为鹭]）。羽化后的雏鸟几乎和成虫一样大（成虫的身体质量和羽门和尾巴的长度，但跗和翅膀比成虫短2%）。所有的生长速率常数ks都很低，体质量、暴露的茎尖和翅膀为0.05，跗骨为0.08（只有尾巴常数更高）。这些低值是半早熟鸟类的典型特征。父母对雏鸡的最后一次喂食时间为雏鸡平均82日龄（11月7日），雏鸡在羽化前平均9天不喂食。雏鸟的平均筑巢期为90 ~ 91 d，平均于11月13 ~ 17日结束。与人类活动较少的其他两个区域（68-72%）相比，垃圾场附近的雏鸟孵化成功率非常低（21%）。大多数雏鸟是由于野猫和老鼠的捕食而失去的。
Chick growth and fledgling performance of Streaked Shearwaters (n=89 in total) were studied on Mikura Island (33°52'N, 139°14'E), Izu Islands, Japan, in 1985 and 1990. Chicks hatched in mid August (13th, 17th) on average, with a mean body mass of 59-73g (11-13% of 552g mean adult mass). Adults stayed with their chicks for four days on average after hatching. Exposed culmen, tarsus, and wing lengths of chicks at hatching were 42%, 38% and 8% of mean adult sizes of 49, 51 and 310mm, respectively. Chicks attained mean adult body mass at around 40 days old in mid September. Peak body masses (734-739g) were reached on average in mid October at around 70 days old, and were about 33-34% heavier than mean adult size. Weight recession prior to fledging resulted in the loss of 30% of the peak body mass over the last three weeks, and chicks fledged at body masses of 519-522g that did not significantly differ from the 508g mean adult or subadult masses in autumn. Individual chicks increased body mass in an erratic fashion at intervals of from a few days to a week throughout the nestling period. Body mass and bony parts (culmen and tarsus) attained maximum increase rates (13.8g, 1.0mm and 0.6mm/day, respectively) by days 9-22, while flight feathers as well and tail feathers that emerged at 39 days on average, grew most rapidly at about 62-75 days (3.0mm/day [for remiges] and 4.3mm/day [for rectrices]). Chicks fledged almost at adult sizes (adult body mass and lengths of culmen and tail, but with 2% shorter tarsus and wing than adults). All of the growth rate constants ks, were very low at 0.05 for body mass, exposed culmen and wing, and at 0.08 for tarsus (only the tail constant was higher). These low values were typical of semi-precocial birds. Last feeding of chicks by parents occurred when chicks were 82 days old (7 November) on average and chicks were not fed for nine days on average prior to fledging. The mean length of the nestling period was 90-91 days, which ended on 13-17 November on average. Fledging success rate for chicks that had hatched was very low (21%) at the colony near the garbage dump, compared with two other areas with less human activity (68-72%). Most chicks were lost due to predation by feral cats and rats.