HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES CORRELATED WITH EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES OF BODY SIZE
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES CORRELATED WITH EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES OF BODY SIZE
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DOI：
10.2307/2405381
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发表时间：
1948-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
RENSCH, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
RENSCH, B
分析与体型变化相关的比例变化，不仅需要检查发育过程中的生长梯度，还需要检查选择性影响。一个大型物种不仅仅是其小型祖先的异速变化版本。身体尺寸的进化变化通常会产生伴随的必然的组织学结构改变。因此，身体尺寸的增加（在某些情况下）产生了新的结构，这种现象在昆虫的飞行肌、中肠和大脑中得到了证实。柄体的分化和形状不仅构成昆虫物种进化水平的指标，而且还取决于其体型大小。在较大的物种中，相邻的球细胞数量要多得多。在脊椎动物前脑中，组织学上可识别的皮质区域具有不同的生长比率。因此，尺寸的进化增加（科普规则）导致大脑结构的强烈改变。在一群动物的非常小的物种中，一些器官要么消失（例如，非常小的陆地前鳃亚纲的阴茎，某些昆虫的跗节），要么减少到最低限度。一群有翅昆虫的体型下限部分是由飞行肌肉的胸部和大脑的头囊的最大填充量控制的。补偿最小尺寸的结构缺点的结构和功能的变化可以在车身尺寸下限附近发生。几种非常小的昆虫翅膀上长出的长流苏就是这种现象的一个例子。
The analysis of the alterations of proportion, connected with changes of body size, requires not only the examination of the growth gradients indevelopment but also of the selective influences. A large species is not merely an allometrically changed version of its small ancestor. Evolutionary changes of body size often produce accompanying obligatory histological alterations of structure. An increase of the body size thus produces (in several cases) new structures, a phenomenon demonstrated for the flight muscles, the middle intestine, and the brain of insects. The differentiation and shape of the corpora pedunculata not only constitute an index of the evolutionary level of the insect species in question, but also depend on the body size. The adjacent globuli cells are much more numerous in larger species. In the vertebrate forebrain the histologically recognizable regions of the cortex have different growth ratios. The evolutionary increase in size (Cope''s rule) therefore causes a strong modification of brain structure. In very small species of a group of animals some organs either disappear (e.g., the penis of very small land Prosobranchia, segments of the tarsus in certain insects), or are reduced to the minimum limits. The lower limit of body size within a group of winged insects is in part controlled by the maximum filling of the thorax with flight muscles and of the head capsule with brain. Changes of construction and of function that compensate for structural disadvantages of the minimum size may take place near the lower limit of body size. The development of long fringes on the wings of very small insects of several orders is an example of this phenomenon.