Enduring consequences of early experiences: 40 year effects on survival and success among African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Enduring consequences of early experiences: 40 year effects on survival and success among African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
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早期经历的持久影响：40 年对非洲象 (Loxodonta africana) 生存和成功的影响
DOI：
10.1098/rsbl.2013.0011
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
C. Moss
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Phyllis C. Lee;L. Bussière;C. E. Webber;J. Poole;C. Moss
非洲象（Loxodonta africana）从受孕到生殖开始的生长为表型可塑性、个体适应性可塑性反应和兼性母性投资提供了见解。利用867头大象的生长和2652头大象40多年的生活史，我们证明了母亲缺乏经验加上生命早期的干旱导致儿子的生长速度降低，两性的死亡率更高。哺乳期早期生长缓慢导致成虫体型较小，初次繁殖年龄较晚，终生存活率降低，从而限制了繁殖产量。在早期缓慢增长与即时生存之间进行交易的持久影响在很长一段时间内是显而易见的；对于一个最长寿命为70多年且环境经历不可预测的物种来说，延迟的下游后果是意想不到的。
Growth from conception to reproductive onset in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) provides insights into phenotypic plasticity, individual adaptive plastic responses and facultative maternal investment. Using growth for 867 and life histories for 2652 elephants over 40 years, we demonstrate that maternal inexperience plus drought in early life result in reduced growth rates for sons and higher mortality for both sexes. Slow growth during early lactation was associated with smaller adult size, later age at first reproduction, reduced lifetime survival and consequently limited reproductive output. These enduring effects of trading slow early growth against immediate survival were apparent over the very long term; delayed downstream consequences were unexpected for a species with a maximum longevity of 70+ years and unpredictable environmental experiences.