Singing Behavior and Singing Functions of Black-Crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China
Singing Behavior and Singing Functions of Black-Crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China
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滇中无量山黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫行为及鸣叫功能
DOI：
10.1002/ajp.20686
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Jiang, Xue-Long
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fan, Peng-Fei;Xiao, Wen;Jiang, Xue-Long
本文利用云南无梁山一群习惯一夫多妻制的黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor jingdongensis）响亮的二重奏和独唱歌曲的数据，对这些歌曲的功能进行了几个假设的检验。长臂猿鸣叫的主要功能包括资源保护、配偶保护、配偶结合、群体凝聚力和配偶吸引。二重唱通常由成年雄性发起，它们选择靠近山脊或陡坡上最高的树作为歌唱树。这样的树便于语音传输和群体间的交流。会唱歌的树往往位于重要的食物区和睡眠地点附近，这支持了资源防御假说。成年雄性和两只成年雌性总是互动歌唱，交替发出雄性的叫声和雌性的刻板叫声，形成二重唱。如果雌性离雄性超过30米，它们很少发出响亮的叫声。两只雌鸟通常在二重唱时同步发出响亮的叫声，尤其是当它们靠得很近的时候。这些特征既支持配偶防御假说，也支持配对结合假说。响亮的叫声的数量和它们的同步程度传递了空间关系的信息，可能是对邻近群体和漂浮动物成员的配对强度的信息。在二重唱期间或之后，成年雌性和幼鱼向成年雄性移动；群体成员保持着密切的空间关系，这支持了群体凝聚力假说。观察到的其他事件表明，二重唱具有竞争配偶的作用。当雌性开始与亚成年雄性合唱时，成年雄性总是唱歌。亚成年雄鸟独自歌唱，但并不比成年雄鸟更频繁或更长时间。虽然吸引配偶可能是亚成虫独身的功能，但它并没有得到令人信服的证明。总之，所有关于唱歌功能的假设都至少有一些数据支持，没有一个是可以排除的。点。林业科学学报，2009,31(1):539-547。(C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc。
We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. Duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singing trees. Such trees facilitate voice transmission and inter-group communication. Singing trees tended to be located near important food patches and sleeping sites, which supports the resource defense hypothesis. The adult male and two adult females always sang interactively, alternating male phrases with the females' stereotyped great calls, to produce the duets, and females rarely produced great calls if they were more than 30 m from the male. The two females usually produced great calls synchronously during the duet, especially when they were close together. These features support both the mate defense and pairbonding hypotheses. The number of great calls and their degree of synchrony transmit information about spatial relationships and possibly pairbond strength to members to neighboring groups and floating animals. During or after the duet bouts, the adult females and juvenile moved toward to the adult male; and group members maintained a close spatial relationship, which supports the group cohesion hypothesis. Other incidents observed suggest a mate competition role for duets. The adult male always sang when the females started duetting with the subadult male. The subadult male sang solo bouts, but they were not more frequent or longer than bouts initiated by the adult male. Although mate attraction is the likely function of subadult solos, it was not convincingly demonstrated. In conclusion, all hypotheses concerning the function of singing are supported by at least some of the data, and none can be excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:539-547, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.