Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family
Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family
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地质锌、锡和铅族的重要性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Graedel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Harper;Goksin Kavlak;Lara Burmeister;M. Eckelman;S. Erbis;T. Graedel
对金属供应未来可用性和连续性的担忧引发了定义和评估金属关键性的研究工作。在这项研究中，我们采用了一种全面的方法，地质锌，锡，铅家族的元素：锌（Zn），锗（Ge），镉（Cd），铟（In），锡（Sn），和铅（Pb）。几个世纪以来，锌、锡和铅在各种技术领域发挥着重要作用，而锗、镉和铟是越来越多地用于新兴技术和战略技术的副产品金属。关键性评估是对国家（即，2008年美国和全球水平。结果与三维“临界空间”中的不确定性估计一起呈现，该空间由供应风险（SR）、环境影响和供应限制脆弱性（VSR）轴组成。对于介质（即，五到十年）和长期（即，几十年）。Pb和Zn的中期SR最低，Pb的长期SR最低。铟和锗生产的环境负担最高，主要是由于锌冶炼和随后的金属净化和锌浸出残渣回收的排放。在全球和国家一级，铅的VSR最高。
Concerns about the future availability and continuity of metal supplies have triggered research efforts to define and assess metal criticality. In this study, we apply a comprehensive methodology to the elements of the geological zinc, tin, and lead family: zinc (Zn); germanium (Ge); cadmium (Cd); indium (In); tin (Sn); and lead (Pb). Zn, Sn, and Pb have played important roles in various technological sectors for centuries, whereas Ge, Cd, and In are by‐product metals that are increasingly utilized in emerging and strategic technologies. Criticality assessments are made on national (i.e., the United States) and global levels for 2008. The results are presented with uncertainty estimates in three‐dimensional “criticality space,” comprised of supply risk (SR), environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR) axes. SR is the highest for In for both the medium (i.e., five to ten years) and long term (i.e., a few decades). Pb and Zn have the lowest SR for the medium term and Pb the lowest SR for the long term. In and Ge production have the highest environmental burdens, mainly as a result of emissions from Zn smelting and subsequent metals purification and recovery from Zn leaching residues. VSR is highest for Pb at the global and national levels.