Optimism and Challenge for Science‐Based Conservation of Migratory Species in and out of U.S. National Parks
Optimism and Challenge for Science‐Based Conservation of Migratory Species in and out of U.S. National Parks
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美国国家公园内外迁徙物种的科学保护的乐观和挑战
DOI：
10.1111/cobi.12235
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
S. Zack
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Berger;S. Cain;Ellen Cheng;P. Dratch;Kevin Ellison;J. Francis;H. Frost;S. Gende;C. Groves;WILLIAM A. Karesh;Elaine F. Leslie;G. Machlis;R. Medellín;R. Noss;K. Redford;Michael A. Soukup;D. Wilcove;S. Zack
当公共机构实现其使命的能力有限时，有时会寻求外部指导。通过一项合作协议以及与美国国家公园管理局（NPS）的合作，我们为一项保护迁徙物种的计划提出了建议。虽然NPS在401个单位管理着约3600万公顷的土地和水，但没有集中的计划来保护依赖NPS单位的野生动物，这些动物也会迁移到公园以外数百至数千公里的地方。迁徙受到栖息地破坏、不可持续的收获、气候变化和其他障碍的威胁。一个成功的应对这些挑战的计划需要公众的支持、国家和国际的宣传以及大量的移民人口。我们建议采取两个初步步骤。首先，在短期内，启动或建立一系列针对高知名度迁徙物种的项目，这些项目可以作为证明NPS单位在不同规模上的保护中心地位的证据。第二，从长远来看，建立保护迁徙物种的新能力。能力建设将需要增加公园工作人员关于物种或种群如何以及在何处迁移、迁移条件、确定物种需求并在公园内外解决这些需求的有限知识。能力建设还需要确保公园管理者和各级工作人员支持法定边界之外的保护。除非更多不同的利益相关者和更广泛的美国公众意识到可能失去什么，并采取更多措施保护它，并更多地与土地管理机构合作，实施促进保护的行动，否则长途迁徙越来越有可能成为过去的现象。
Public agencies sometimes seek outside guidance when capacity to achieve their mission is limited. Through a cooperative agreement and collaborations with the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), we developed recommendations for a conservation program for migratory species. Although NPS manages ∼36 million hectares of land and water in 401 units, there is no centralized program to conserve wild animals reliant on NPS units that also migrate hundreds to thousands of kilometers beyond parks. Migrations are imperiled by habitat destruction, unsustainable harvest, climate change, and other impediments. A successful program to counter these challenges requires public support, national and international outreach, and flourishing migrant populations. We recommended two initial steps. First, in the short term, launch or build on a suite of projects for high‐profile migratory species that can serve as proof to demonstrate the centrality of NPS units to conservation at different scales. Second, over the longer term, build new capacity to conserve migratory species. Capacity building will entail increasing the limited knowledge among park staff about how and where species or populations migrate, conditions that enable migration, and identifying species’ needs and resolving them both within and beyond parks. Building capacity will also require ensuring that park superintendents and staff at all levels support conservation beyond statutory borders. Until additional diverse stakeholders and a broader American public realize what can be lost and do more to protect it and engage more with land management agencies to implement actions that facilitate conservation, long distance migrations are increasingly likely to become phenomena of the past.