Abiotic conditions shape spatial and temporal morphological variation in North American birds
Abiotic conditions shape spatial and temporal morphological variation in North American birds
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DOI：
10.1038/s41559-022-01893-x
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发表时间：
2022-02
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通讯作者：
Casey Youngflesh;J. Saracco;R. Siegel;M. Tingley
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作者：
Casey Youngflesh;J. Saracco;R. Siegel;M. Tingley
量化环境-形态关系不仅对于理解推动物种内和物种之间表型多样性的基本过程，而且对于预测物种将如何应对正在进行的全球变化都是重要的。尽管有一套由生态学理论驱动的明确预期，但支持非生物条件对种内空间和时间形态变异的普遍影响的广泛证据一直是有限的。使用来自105种地鸟的250,000只捕获的标准化数据，我们评估了自1989年以来成年雄鸟的形态在种内的变化，同时测量了整个北美大陆的空间形态梯度。我们发现，平均体型的时空趋势很强，无论是在更高的赤道纬度，还是在最近几年，气温变暖都与较小的体型有关。这些热效应的大小在物种之间和物种内部都有所不同，结果表明，驱动空间和时间趋势的是最热的温度，而不是最冷的温度。对温度空间变化(而不是时间变化)的更强反应表明，形态变化可能跟不上气候变化的步伐。此外，随着海拔的增加，我们发现身体大小随着相对翅膀长度的增加而减小，这可能是由于较长的翅膀为在稀薄的空气环境中飞行带来的好处。我们的结果为现有和新的大规模生态形态‘规则’提供了支持，并强调了功能权衡对非生物变异的反应如何驱动形态变化。
Quantifying environment–morphology relationships is important not only for understanding the fundamental processes driving phenotypic diversity within and among species but also for predicting how species will respond to ongoing global change. Despite a clear set of expectations motivated by ecological theory, broad evidence in support of generalizable effects of abiotic conditions on spatial and temporal intraspecific morphological variation has been limited. Using standardized data from >250,000 captures of 105 landbird species, we assessed intraspecific shifts in the morphology of adult male birds since 1989 while simultaneously measuring spatial morphological gradients across the North American continent. We found strong spatial and temporal trends in average body size, with warmer temperatures associated with smaller body sizes both at more equatorial latitudes and in more recent years. The magnitude of these thermal effects varied both across and within species, with results suggesting it is the warmest, rather than the coldest, temperatures that drive both spatial and temporal trends. Stronger responses to spatial—rather than temporal—variation in temperature suggest that morphological change may not be keeping up with the pace of climate change. Additionally, as elevation increases, we found that body size declines as relative wing length increases, probably due to the benefits that longer wings confer for flight in thin air environments. Our results provide support for both existing and new large-scale ecomorphological ‘rules’ and highlight how the response of functional trade-offs to abiotic variation drives morphological change.