Nonproliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraint
Nonproliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraint
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防扩散规范：各国为何选择核限制
DOI：
10.5860/choice.47-1106
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Rublee
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Rublee
从选择退出军备竞赛的国家可以学到什么。很多时候，我们对相对少数拥有核武器的国家的关注使我们无法提出一个重要问题：为什么还有那么多国家没有核武器？更重要的是，我们可以从这些核克制例子中学到什么？玛丽亚·罗斯特·鲁布利认为，除了了解国家的安全环境之外，我们还必须认识到影响国家如何概念化核武器价值的社会力量。卢布利所说的大部分内容也适用于其他大规模杀伤性武器，以及一般的国家安全决策。核不扩散运动创造了一个国际社会环境，对国家精英和政策制定者如何看待核武器施加了各种规范压力。在社会心理学框架内，卢布利通过五个案例研究研究了有关核武器的决策：日本、埃及、利比亚、瑞典和德国。在每个案例中，卢布利都考虑了核宽容在多大程度上源于说服（偏好的真正转变）、社会顺从（在不改变潜在偏好的情况下最大化社会利益和/或最小化社会成本的愿望）或认同（愿望或习惯） 遵循重要他人的行为）。该书基于对我们传播和处理防扩散规范的多种方式的深入了解，提出了大胆的政策处方。卢布利认为，鼓励不扩散的社会机制以及创建这些机制的政权必须得到维护和加强，因为如果没有这些机制，那些实行核克制的国家可能会重新考虑自己的选择。
What can be learned from countries that opted out of the arms race. Too often, our focus on the relative handful of countries with nuclear weapons keeps us from asking an important question: Why do so many more states not have such weapons? More important, what can we learn from these examples of nuclear restraint? Maria Rost Rublee argues that in addition to understanding a state's security environment, we must appreciate the social forces that influence how states conceptualize the value of nuclear weapons. Much of what Rublee says also applies to other weapons of mass destruction, as well as national security decision making in general.The nuclear nonproliferation movement has created an international social environment that exerts a variety of normative pressures on how state elites and policymakers think about nuclear weapons. Within a social psychology framework, Rublee examines decision making about nuclear weapons in five case studies: Japan, Egypt, Libya, Sweden, and Germany.In each case, Rublee considers the extent to which nuclear forbearance resulted from persuasion (genuine transformation of preferences), social conformity (the desire to maximize social benefits and/or minimize social costs, without a change in underlying preferences), or identification (the desire or habit of following the actions of an important other). The book offers bold policy prescriptions based on a sharpened knowledge of the many ways we transmit and process nonproliferation norms. The social mechanisms that encourage nonproliferation - and the regime that created them - must be preserved and strengthened, Rublee argues, for without them states that have exercised nuclear restraint may rethink their choices.