The Maintenance of Cooperation: Expectations of Future Interaction and the Trigger of Group Punishment
The Maintenance of Cooperation: Expectations of Future Interaction and the Trigger of Group Punishment
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合作的维持：对未来互动的预期与群体惩罚的触发
DOI：
10.1093/sf/77.4.1551
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Rick K. Wilson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Sell;Rick K. Wilson
公共物品的特点是非排他性：那些不贡献的人仍然可以消费该物品。这一特征可能会给公共物品的创造和维护带来问题。然而，在某些情况下，当团体成员知道他们将一起做出许多决定时，公共利益的提供是可能的。我们考虑折扣参数或未来互动期望的影响，并触发涉及群体惩罚的策略。实验测试证明了这两个因素对第一个决策期的重要性。群体交互后，折扣参数的效果减弱。然而，当规定较长的惩罚期限时，合作就会从高水平开始，并保持相对较高的水平。公共物品是一种社会困境，其特征是人们必须“放弃”一些有价值的东西，以换取其他人也这样做的可能性，从而所有人都会过得更好。这些困境塑造了我们的日常生活：民权运动需要付出努力、时间和牺牲，这些贡献可能代价高昂，但对很多人来说也非常有益；院士们必须花时间帮助营造一种言论自由的氛围，因为如果没有人做出贡献，这种氛围就不会产生。
Public goods are characterized by the nonexcludability: those who do not contribute can still consume the good. This characteristic can create problems for the creation and maintenance ofpublic goods. However, under some conditions, when the group members know that they will be making numerous decisions together, public good provision is likely. We consider the effects of discountparameters or expectations offuture interaction, and trigger strategies that involve group punishment. The experimental tests demonstrate the importance of both factors on the first decision period. After group interaction, the effect of the discount parameter diminishes. However, when long punishment periods are mandated, cooperation started at high levels and remained relatively high. Public goods, a type of social dilemma, characterize situations in which people must "give up" something valuable for the possibility that others will do the same and therefore all will be better off. Such dilemmas shape our everyday life: civil rights movements involve contributions of effort and time and sacrifices that can be tremendously costly, but also immensely beneficial to a great many; academicians must give their time to help create an atmosphere that enables freedom of expression, for if nobody contributes, such an atmosphere does not
【常见问题，容易被忽视的疾病】高脂血症
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2010
期刊：
Modern Physician
影响因子：
--
作者：
Arai H;Ishibashi S;Bujo H;Hayashi T;Yamada N.;et al.;大西弘高;小泉順二
通讯作者：
小泉順二