Why women live longer than men: sex differences in longevity.
Why women live longer than men: sex differences in longevity.
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DOI：
10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80198-1
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发表时间：
2006-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Austad, Steven N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Austad, Steven N
从历史上看，在世界上几乎每个国家，女性都比男性长寿。在许多其他物种中也发现了类似的寿命性别差异模式;然而，目前尚不清楚是否有更多的物种雌性寿命更长或反之亦然。就几乎所有主要死亡原因而言，在几乎所有年龄段，男子的死亡率都较高。女人比男人长寿并不是因为她们衰老得慢，而是因为她们在每个年龄段都更健壮。奇怪的是，虽然妇女的死亡率较低，但她们的身体疾病总比率高于男子。对于寿命的性别差异，已经提出了几种假设，包括更活跃的女性免疫功能，雌激素的保护作用，第二个X染色体的补偿作用，生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子1信号级联的活性降低，以及氧化应激对衰老和疾病的影响。目前，这些假说都没有得到有力的支持，虽然弱支持氧化应激假说。随着更快速的基因组测序的出现，分子工具将可用于更多的物种，从而进一步详细说明两性之间寿命差异的原因。
Historically, women have lived longer than men in almost every country in the world. A similar pattern of sex differences in longevity is also found in many other species; however, it is not clear if there are more species in which females live longer or vice versa. For virtually all the primary causes of death and at virtually all ages, mortality rates are higher for men. Women do not live longer than men because they age more slowly, but because they are more robust at every age. Paradoxically, although women have lower mortality rates they have higher overall rates of physical illness than do men. Several hypotheses have been proposed for sex differences in longevity, including more active female immune functioning, the protective effect of estrogen, compensatory effects of the second X chromosome, reduction in the activity of growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling cascade, and the influence of oxidative stress on aging and disease. At present, none of these hypotheses are strongly supported, although weak support is available for the oxidative stress hypothesis. With the advent of more rapid genome sequencing, molecular tools will become available for more species, thus further detailing the causes for the differences in longevity between the sexes.