Molecular approaches to malaria vaccines.
Molecular approaches to malaria vaccines.
复制标题
疟疾疫苗的分子方法。
DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0585-52
复制
发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Godson Gn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Godson Gn
在20世纪60年代早期的一段短暂时期内，疟疾这一古老的祸害似乎很快就会得到控制。大量喷洒滴滴涕正在减少按蚊的数量，氯喹等新药也可用于治疗受感染的病人。20年后，疟疾又死灰复燃。它的病原体，原生动物寄生虫疟原虫，正在对药物产生抗药性，而寄生虫的载体，雌性按蚊，正在对滴滴涕和其他杀虫剂产生抗药性。今天，这种疾病在世界各地的热带地区影响着大约2亿到4亿人。在非洲，它直接杀死了大约10%的受害者，并使其余的人变得虚弱;它是幼儿死亡率高达50%的主要原因。显然，迫切需要对目前正在进行的疟疾进行新的攻击。主要的努力是利用分子生物学的工具来开发抗疟疾疫苗和其他对抗寄生虫的方法。有效的疫苗必须刺激免疫系统产生抗体，攻击并中和帕拉。研制这种疫苗并不容易。在该病流行的非洲地区，很大一部分人口要么长期感染一种或另一种寄生虫，要么不断被一直存在的蚊子再次感染艾德。这些人对寄生虫产生了大量的抗体，但很少有人产生保护性免疫。原因是疟原虫即使在没有隐藏在人体免疫系统（在肝细胞或红细胞中）的短暂时期内，也善于逃避免疫反应。Plasma的分子生物学研究
For a brief period in the early 1960's it appeared that malaria, an ancient scourge, might soon be brought under control. Extensive spraying with DDT was reducing the Anopheles mosquito population and novel drugs such as chloroquine were available for treating infected patients. Twenty years later malaria is resur gent. Its causative agent, the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, is developing re sistance to the drugs, and the parasite's vector, the female Anopheles mosquito, is becoming resistant to DDT and oth er insecticides. Today the disease af flicts some 200 to· 400 million people in a broad tropical band around the world. In Africa it kills some 10 per cent of its victims directly and debili tates the rest; it is a major cause of early-childhood mortality rates rang ing as high as 50 percent. Clearly there is urgent need for the new attack on malaria that is currently under way. The major effort is to exploit the tools of molecular biology to develop anti malaria vaccines and other ways to combat the parasite. An effective vaccine must stimulate the immune system to make antibodies that can attack and neutralize the para site. To develop such a vaccine will not be easy. In regions of Africa where the disease is endemic a large proportion of the population is either chronically infected with one or another species of the parasite or is continually reinfect ed by the ever present mosquito. These people develop antibodies aplenty to the parasite, but few of them devel op protective immunity. The reason is that Plasmodium, even during the brief periods when it is not hidden from the immune system of its human host (in liver cells or red blood cells), is adept at evading the immune response. Stud ies of the molecular biology of Plas-