Oil dispersion increases the apparent bioavailability and toxicity of diesel to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Oil dispersion increases the apparent bioavailability and toxicity of diesel to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1897/08-315.1
复制
发表时间：
2009-03
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
A. Schein;J. Scott;L. Mos;P. Hodson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Schein;J. Scott;L. Mos;P. Hodson
柴油是一种含有多环芳香烃的复杂混合物，在泄漏后会持续存在，很容易从水中进入组织，并且对鱼类的早期生命阶段有毒。通过对虹鳟鱼幼鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）中乙氧基间苯二酚O -脱乙基酶（EROD）的诱导程度和胚胎蓝囊病的严重程度，测定了漂浮柴油（水调节馏分）和化学分散柴油（化学增强水调节馏分）中溶解在水中的碳氢化合物的生物利用度和慢性毒性。当标称浓度高达1,000 mg/L时，悬浮柴油的水调节部分对胚胎几乎无毒，只引起很小的重量变化。幼鳟鱼肝脏EROD诱导仅在最高标称水容分数浓度（10,000 mg/L）下观察到。化学扩散使柴油对鳟鱼的生物利用度和毒性提高了100倍。柴油化学增强了水调节组分诱导EROD活性，导致蓝囊病，并在名义浓度低至10 mg/L时损害了胚胎鳟鱼的发育和生长；100 mg/L时死亡率为88%。然而，当测量总烃浓度时，分散和未分散柴油之间的差异消失，总烃的中位数致死浓度为8 mg/L，亚致死的中位数有效浓度为1.3 ~ 6.1 mg/L。最近有报道称，通过高能机械混合对柴油的分散在40至200毫克/升之间会对幼年鳟鱼造成急性死亡。因此，以任何方式分散油会增加柴油对鱼胚胎的生物利用度和表观毒性，而不会改变其成分的毒性。然而，在实际的泄漏中，柴油的扩散增加了石油对鱼类种群的影响。
Diesel is a complex mixture containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which persist after a spill, pass readily from water into tissues, and are toxic to early life stages of fish. The bioavailability and chronic toxicity of hydrocarbons dissolved into water from floating diesel (water‐accommodated fraction) and chemically dispersed diesel (chemically enhanced water‐accommodated fraction) were measured by the extent of ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) induction in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and by the severity of blue sac disease in embryos. The water‐accommodated fraction of floating diesel was virtually nontoxic to embryos at nominal concentrations up to 1,000 mg/L, causing only small weight changes. Liver EROD induction in juvenile trout was only observed at the highest nominal water‐accommodated fraction concentration (10,000 mg/L). Chemical dispersion increased the bioavailability and toxicity of diesel to trout by 100‐fold. Diesel chemically enhanced water‐accommodated fraction induced EROD activity, caused blue sac disease, and impaired development and growth of embryonic trout at nominal concentrations as low as 10 mg/L; 88% mortality occurred at 100 mg/L. However, when total hydrocarbon concentrations were measured, differences between dispersed and undispersed diesel disappeared, with a median lethal concentration of 8 mg/L of total hydrocarbons and sublethal median effective concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 6.1 mg/L. Dispersion of diesel by high‐energy mechanical mixing was recently reported to cause acute lethality to juvenile trout between 40 and 200 mg/L. Therefore, dispersion of oil by any means increases the bioavailability and apparent toxicity of diesel to fish embryos without changing the toxicity of its components. Nevertheless, in an actual spill, dispersion of diesel increases the effects of oil on fish populations.