Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training
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DOI：
10.1002/cphy.c140080
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Nyberg, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hellsten, Ylva;Nyberg, Michael
有氧运动训练导致心血管变化，显著增加有氧能力，提高耐力表现。功能上最重要的适应是最大心输出量的改善，这是心脏尺寸扩大、收缩能力改善和血容量增加的结果，允许更多的脑室充盈和随之而来的更大的每搏量。与更大的最大心输出量并行，肌肉的灌流能力增加，从而允许更大的氧气输送。为了适应更高的有氧需求和灌流水平，动脉、小动脉和毛细血管在结构和数量上进行了调整。随着心输出量在体内的分布，较大的管道和阻力动脉的直径增加，使血流阻力最小化，而管道和阻力动脉的壁厚减少，这是导致动脉顺应性增加的一个因素。耐力训练也可能导致血管扩张剂能力的改变，尽管这种适应在血管功能减退的个体中更为明显。肌肉内微血管网的大小增加，允许肌肉通过更大的扩散区域、更短的扩散距离和更长的红细胞通过最小血管的平均通过时间来提高肌肉提取氧气的能力。本文讨论耐力训练对全身和外周心血管适应的影响，重点是人类，但也包括动物数据。(C)2016美国生理学会。
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data. (C) 2016 American Physiological Society.