Objective Measures of the Built Environment and Physical Activity in Children: From Walkability to Moveability
Objective Measures of the Built Environment and Physical Activity in Children: From Walkability to Moveability
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DOI：
10.1007/s11524-014-9915-2
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发表时间：
2015-02-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Pigeot, Iris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Buck, Christoph;Tkaczick, Tobias;Pigeot, Iris
通常使用所谓的步行指数来捕捉可能影响体力活动(PA)水平的建成环境的特征。由于这些指数通常描述成年人在日常生活中行走的机会，它们可能不适用于评估儿童PA在城市的机会。特别是，娱乐设施的空间可用性可能会对儿童的PA产生影响，应该另外考虑。我们将欧洲IDEFICS研究招募的400名2至9岁儿童的个人数据与一个德国研究地区的地理数据联系起来，基于个别依赖网络的社区。评估了可步行概念的环境特征，以及游乐场、绿地和公园等康乐设施的可用性。相关特征被结合到一个可迁移性指数中，该指数应该包括PA在儿童中的城市机会。采用伽马对数回归模型模拟了个体变量对学龄前儿童(6岁)和学龄儿童(6岁)基于加速计的中高强度体力活动(MVPA)的线性和非线性影响。模型中分别包含了单一的环境特征和由此产生的指数，以考察每个变量对MVPA的影响。在学龄儿童中，常用的居住密度、交叉口密度、公共交通密度等因素对MVPA有正向影响，而土地利用组合对MVPA有负向影响，尤其是游乐场密度(Beta)，尤其是游乐场密度。公共开放空间的密度，即游乐场和公园的密度((Beta)Over Cap=0.040，P=0.01)对MVPA有正向影响。然而，绿地的可获得性对MVPA没有影响。基于可走性指数构建了不同的可移动性指数，考虑了土地利用结构的负面影响。可动性指数对学龄儿童的MVPA也有很强的影响，游乐场密度((Beta)Over Cap=0.014；p=0.008)或公共开放空间密度((Beta)Over Cap=0.014，p=0.007)对学龄儿童的MVPA也有很大影响，但城市措施和可动性指数对学龄前儿童的影响不明显。最终的可移动性指数反映了PA在学龄儿童中的相关机会。特别是，公共开放空间的可用性似乎是MVPA的一个强有力的预测因素。未来涉及儿童的研究应考虑对较大城市的公共娱乐设施或城市扩张进行量化评估，以便在更广泛的样本中调查可移动性对儿童PA的影响。
Features of the built environment that may influence physical activity (PA) levels are commonly captured using a so-called walkability index. Since such indices typically describe opportunities for walking in everyday life of adults, they might not be applicable to assess urban opportunities for PA in children. Particularly, the spatial availability of recreational facilities may have an impact on PA in children and should be additionally considered. We linked individual data of 400 2- to 9-year-old children recruited in the European IDEFICS study to geographic data of one German study region, based on individual network-dependent neighborhoods. Environmental features of the walkability concept and the availability of recreational facilities, i.e. playgrounds, green spaces, and parks, were measured. Relevant features were combined to a moveability index that should capture urban opportunities for PA in children. A gamma log-regression model was used to model linear and non-linear effects of individual variables on accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) stratified by pre-school children (< 6 years) and school children (>= 6 years). Single environmental features and the resulting indices were separately included into the model to investigate the effect of each variable on MVPA. In school children, commonly used features such as residential density ((beta) over cap = 0.5.10(-4); p = 0.02), intersection density ((beta) over cap = 0.003, p = 0.04), and public transit density ((beta) over cap = 0.037, p = 0.01) showed a positive effect on MVPA, while land use mix revealed a negative effect on MVPA ((beta) over cap = -0.173, p = 0.13) In particular, playground density ((beta) over cap = 0.048; p = 0.01) and density of public open spaces, i.e., playgrounds and parks combined ((beta) over cap = 0.040, p = 0.01), showed positive effects on MVPA. However, availability of green spaces showed no effect on MVPA. Different moveability indices were constructed based on the walkability index accounting for the negative impact of land use mix. Moveability indices showed also strong effects on MVPA in school children for both components, expanded by playground density ((beta) over cap = 0.014; p = 0.008) or by public open space density ((beta) over cap = 0.014, p = 0.007), but no effects of urban measures and moveability indices were found in pre-school children. The final moveability indices capture relevant opportunities for PA in school children. Particularly, availability of public open spaces seems to be a strong predictor of MVPA. Future studies involving children should consider quantitative assessment of public recreational facilities in larger cities or urban sprawls in order to investigate the influence of the moveability on childhood PA in a broader sample.