The new politics of Zimbabwe's lowveld: Struggles over land at the margins
The new politics of Zimbabwe's lowveld: Struggles over land at the margins
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津巴布韦低地的新政治：边缘土地的斗争
DOI：
10.1093/afraf/ads057
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Scoones I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Scoones I
这篇文章探讨了津巴布韦低地地区对土地和资源的争夺，重点研究了三个案例--Nuanetsi牧场、拯救山谷和Chiredzi河保护区以及戈纳雷洲国家公园。每个案例都考察了随着时间的推移，谁得了利，谁输了，从创业投资者到人脉深厚的政客和军事人物，再到白人牧场主和自2000年以来占领土地的大量农民。我们发现了一种精英聚集和控制资源的动态，土地侵略者、退伍军人以及当地政治和传统领导人的联盟一直在抵制这种动态。通过记录这场随时间推移的斗争，这篇文章表明，在正式的“快车道”土地改革计划之外的这些边缘地区，当地社区保持着抵抗国家权力和想象其他社会、经济和政治轨迹的能力--即使这些遭到了中间阶层的反对。虽然最近关于津巴布韦政治的许多讨论都适当地强调了国家权力的中央集权性质，有时甚至是暴力性质，但这在不同的地方以不同的方式发挥作用。政党内部的地方分歧，执行机构内部的官僚自由裁量权，以及地方对土地的争夺，共同创造了一种非常特殊的地方政治，特别是在国家的地理边缘。正如这篇文章所显示的，这为地方代理和抵抗的各种表达提供了机会，从而缓和了中央集权国家权力的强加。
This article explores the contests over land and resources in the lowveld of Zimbabwe, focusing on three case studies – Nuanetsi ranch, the Save Valley and Chiredzi River conservancies, and Gonarezhou National Park. Each case examines who gained and who lost out over time, from entrepreneurial investors to well-connected politicians and military figures, to white ranchers and large numbers of farmers who have occupied land since 2000. We identify a dynamic of elite accumulation and control over resources that has been resisted by alliances of land invaders, war veterans, and local political and traditional leaders. By documenting this struggle over time, the article demonstrates that, in these marginal areas outside the formal ‘fast-track’ land reform programme, local communities retain the capacity to resist state power and imagine alternative social, economic, and political trajectories – even if these are opposed by those at the centre. While much discussion of recent Zimbabwean politics has appropriately highlighted the centralized, sometimes violent, nature of state power, this is exerted in different ways in different places. A combination of local divisions within political parties, bureaucratic discretion within implementing agencies, and local contests over land create a very particular, local politics, especially at the geographic margins of the nation. As this article shows, this offers opportunities for a variety of expressions of local agency and resistance, which temper the impositions of centralized state power.