Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution
Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution
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DOI：
10.2166/wst.2001.0419
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Fujioka, RS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fujioka, RS
美国环境保护署(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)已经制定了娱乐用水的水质标准，限制了粪便指示细菌(粪便大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、肠球菌)的浓度，以确保这些水域是安全的，可以游泳。在应用这些卫生水质标准时，假定这些粪便指示细菌没有与直接粪便污染无关的重要环境来源。然而，我们此前曾报告，这些粪便指示菌能够在夏威夷和关岛等潮湿热带岛屿环境的土壤环境中生长，并在雨水的作用下高浓度输送到溪流和雨水渠中，因此，夏威夷的溪流和暴雨渠含有持续高浓度的粪便指示菌，通常超过环保局和世卫组织娱乐用水水质标准。由于溪流和雨水渠最终流入沿岸海域，我们推测所有从溪流和暴雨渠径流而来的沿海海滩都会含有高浓度的粪便指示性细菌。为了验证这一假设，我们监测了四个已知从溪流或暴雨排水沟接收水的海滩的近海水域的盐度和浊度，并使用两种粪便指示细菌(大肠杆菌、肠球菌)来建立娱乐用水的水质标准，以确定这些近岸水域是被非点源污染(溪流)还是被点源污染(污水流出物)污染，这些相同的水样也被检测了粪便来源的芽胞形成细菌(CL)。产气荚膜菌)和土壤来源(芽孢杆菌属)。利用这一监测战略，可以确定沿海海域何时受到非点源污染，以及沿海水域何时受到点源污染。这项研究的结果很可能适用于世界温暖潮湿地区的所有国家。
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established recreational water quality standards limiting the concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) to ensure that these waters are safe for swimming. In the application of these hygienic water quality standards, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these faecal indicator bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we previously reported that these faecal indicator bacteria are able to grow in the soil environment of humid tropical island environments such as Hawaii and Guam and are transported at high concentrations into streams and storm drains by rain, Thus, streams and storm drains in Hawaii contain consistently high concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria which routinely exceed the EPA and WHO recreational water quality standards. Since, streams and storm drains eventually flow out to coastal marine waters, we hypothesize that all the coastal beaches which receive run-off from streams and storm drains will contain elevated concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the coastal waters at four beaches known to receive water from stream or storm drains for salinity, turbidity, and used the two faecal indicator bacteria (E. coli, enterococci) to establish recreational water quality standards, To determine if these coastal waters are contaminated with non-point source pollution (streams) or with point source pollution (sewage effluent), these same water samples were also assayed for spore-forming bacteria of faecal origin (Cl. perfringens) and of soil origin (Bacillus species). Using this monitoring strategy it was possible to determine when coastal marine waters were contaminated with non-point source pollution and when coastal waters were contaminated with point source pollution. The results of this study are most likely applicable to all countries in the warm and humid region of the world.