The case for banning killer robots
The case for banning killer robots
复制标题
禁止杀手机器人的理由
DOI：
10.1145/2835965
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
22.7
通讯作者：
R. Arkin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Arkin
这是一种立场，而不是对武器系统的彻底禁止和指责。不要在毫无根据的恐惧基础上做决定去除伤感和炒作，关注真实的技术、法律的、伦理和道德的影响。在未来，自主机器人可能能够在战场条件下从道德角度超越人类，原因有很多：它们能够保守地采取行动，因为它们不需要在目标识别的确定性较低的情况下保护自己。最终开发和使用各种机器人传感器，这些传感器比人类目前拥有的更适合战场观察。他们可以在没有情绪的情况下设计，这些情绪会影响他们的判断，或者导致对正在进行的战场事件的愤怒和沮丧。避免“情景实现”的人类心理问题是可能的，这是导致1988年万森纳号航空母舰击落伊朗客机的一个因素。他们可以整合更多的信息，从更多的来源远远快于人类可能在真实的时间之前，以致命的力量作出反应。当在一个由人类士兵和自主系统组成的团队中工作时，他们有可能独立客观地监测战场上各方的道德行为，并报告可能观察到的违规行为。致命性自主武器系统不应被视为一种终极军事解决办法--远非如此，必须利用有限的使用情况。目前的思考建议：* 仅适用于道德界限a，1的特殊任务，例如，房间清理，反狙击手行动，或非军事区的周边保护。高强度的州际战争，
stances rather than an outright ban and stigmatization of the weapon systems. Do not make decisions based on unfounded fears—remove pathos and hype and focus on the real technical, legal, ethical, and moral implications. In the future autonomous robots may be able to outperform humans from an ethical perspective under battlefield conditions for numerous reasons: ˲ Their ability to act conservatively, as they do not need to protect themselves in cases of low certainty of target identification. ˲ The eventual development and use of a broad range of robotic sensors better equipped for battlefield observations than humans currently possess. ˲ They can be designed without emotions that cloud their judgment or result in anger and frustration with ongoing battlefield events. ˲ Avoidance of the human psychological problem of “scenario fulfillment” is possible, a factor contributing to the downing of an Iranian Airliner by the USS Vincennes in 1988. ˲ They can integrate more information from more sources far faster than a human possibly could in real time before responding with lethal force. ˲ When working in a team of combined human soldiers and autonomous systems, they have the potential of independently and objectively monitoring ethical behavior in the battlefield by all parties and reporting infractions that might be observed. LAWS should not be considered an end-all military solution—far from it. Limited circumstances for their use must be utilized. Current thinking recommends: ˲ Specialized missions only where bounded morality,a,1 applies, for example, room clearing, countersniper operations, or perimeter protection in the DMZ. ˲ High-intensity interstate warfare,