The Changing Finnish Democracy: Stronger Parliamentary Accountability, Coalescing Political Parties and Weaker External Constraints
The Changing Finnish Democracy: Stronger Parliamentary Accountability, Coalescing Political Parties and Weaker External Constraints
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不断变化的芬兰民主：议会问责制加强、政党联合以及外部约束减弱
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Tapio Raunio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tapio Raunio
本文通过考察二战以来的宪法和政治发展，表明芬兰已经从总统主导的制度走向了正常的议会民主。政府的组建现在是基于党派谈判，总统几乎完全被排除在国内事务的政策进程之外。因此，从选民到公务员的授权链现在比以前更简单，受到的外部限制也更少。事实上，芬兰可能是自20世纪80年代以来唯一一个议会民主制受到较少限制的西欧国家。自20世纪80年代初以来，总统的领导实际上已经被强大的多数派政府的领导所取代，这些政府一直在统治，没有太多有效的反对。政党在制定公共政策方面的作用增强，与政党在选民中的作用减弱形成对比。各政党有效调整偏好的能力日益受到怀疑，分裂结构的转变、投票率下降和党员人数减少就表明了这一点。
Examining constitutional and political developments since the Second World War, this article shows that Finland has moved from a system dominated by the president toward a normal parliamentary democracy. Government formation is now based on partisan negotiations and the president is almost completely excluded from the policy process in domestic matters. The chain of delegation from the voters to the civil servants is thus now simpler than before and subject to fewer external constraints. In fact, Finland is probably the only West European country where parliamentary democracy has become less constrained since the 1980s. Leadership by presidents has effectively been replaced with leadership by strong majority governments, which have ruled, without much effective opposition, since the early 1980s. The stronger role of parties in shaping public policy stands in contrast to the weakening of the parties among the electorate. The ability of political parties to effectively align preferences is increasingly in doubt, as indicated by the transforming cleavage structure, lower turnout and declining party membership.