Effects of extreme spring temperatures on urban phenology and pollen production: a case study in Munich and Ingolstadt
Effects of extreme spring temperatures on urban phenology and pollen production: a case study in Munich and Ingolstadt
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DOI：
10.3354/cr01022
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Menzel, Annette
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jochner, Susanne C.;Beck, Isabelle;Menzel, Annette
极端温度对物候有显著的影响，远大于一般规律的预期，即低温导致物候期的延迟，高温导致物候期的提前。后一种现象可以在比较城市地区与农村环境时看到：由于城市热岛效应导致温度升高，城市中的植物开花较早。2009年，我们通过对白桦（Betula pendula Roth）开花和展叶以及七叶树（Aesculus lucocastanum L.）开花的物候观测，研究了极端温度对城市和农村物候差异以及对人类健康（考虑致敏植物）的影响。在德国的慕尼黑和因戈尔施塔特。2009年4月期间，慕尼黑记录的温度是自1955年有记录以来的第二高温度，导致植物快速发育，而城市和农村物候之间的差异缩小了。对桦树花粉粒的实验室检查表明，慕尼黑城市和周围农村的每一柔荑花序的花粉量没有显著差异。长期观测（1951/1955年至2008年，德国气象局）被用来研究慕尼黑及其周边地区之间的开花时间的差异。我们发现，天气条件持续只有几天可以影响物候行为，特别是在微观和中尺度。高温，主要是极端温暖的法术，更有可能导致在城市和农村环境中同时开花;低温导致在慕尼黑开花的物候期开始时间较长的延迟。
Extreme temperatures have a notable effect on phenology, much greater than expected from the general rule that low temperatures lead to a later-and high temperatures to an earlier-onset of phenological phases. The latter phenomenon can be seen when comparing urban areas with their rural surroundings: plants flower earlier in cities due to the urban heat island effect that contributes to higher temperatures. We investigated the effects of extreme temperatures on differences between urban and rural phenology and on human health (considering allergenic plants) in 2009 using phenological observations of flowering and leaf unfolding of birch Betula pendula Roth and flowering of horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. in the cities of Munich and Ingolstadt, Germany. Temperatures recorded in Munich during April 2009 were the second highest since records began in 1955 and led to rapid plant development whereas differences between urban and rural phenology were diminished. Laboratory examination of birch pollen grains revealed that the amount per catkin did not differ significantly between the city of Munich and the surrounding countryside. Long-term observations (1951/1955 to 2008, German Meteorological Service) were used to study the differences in flowering onset times between Munich and its surroundings. We found that weather conditions lasting only a few days can influence phenological behaviour, especially at the micro- and mesoscale. High temperatures, mainly extreme warm spells, were more likely to result in simultaneous flowering in urban and rural environments; low temperatures resulted in a longer delay in phenological onset times for flowering in Munich.