The role of perception in defining tonal targets and their alignment
The role of perception in defining tonal targets and their alignment
复制标题
感知在定义音调目标及其对齐中的作用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mariapaola D’Imperio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mariapaola D’Imperio
色调目标可以根据二维来定义，即，“对齐”和“缩放”，其中对齐指定了音调高（H）和低（L）相对于结构元素（如音节和Morae）及其片段的确切时间实现。对齐模式可能受到各种语言因素的制约，如语音和语音因素。在语音因素中，重音-重音语言的语法规定音高重音的音调必须与词典中标记为重音的音节对齐。此外，音节结构可以约束调-文对齐。例如，在那不勒斯意大利语中，当元音是闭音节时，LH上升重音的峰值出现在更接近重读元音的偏移处，因此短。在语音的限制，一个发现的事实感知音高和时间，无论是语音和非语音刺激。这项工作调查的作用，在确定音调的目标感知是/否的问题和（窄焦点）的声明轮廓那不勒斯意大利。这些轮廓的特点是旋律的升降，分析这里作为一个序列的LH音高口音加上HL短语音。在长焦点成分包含至少两个独立重读音节的单词的情况下，上升和下降的分离是明显的。然而，在更典型的情况下，由于H音序列在核位置的“合并”，这种配置在声学上被实现为三个音调目标的序列，LHL。这项研究表明，这些音调事件中的每一个的精确对齐会影响问题/陈述对比的感知。一个读语音语料库，由那不勒斯意大利语的两个扬声器，首先进行了分析，以声学特征的音调目标在是/否的问题和窄焦点语句，与目标词不同的音节结构和音段环境。后来，一组重新合成的刺激被创造出来，这构成了感知实验的基础。结果表明，当音调的目标为整个升降位移后的时间，更多的问题被确定。结果还表明，F0的高度有一个小的作用，在信号音高口音的差异，而上升和下降斜率没有影响。此外，当升降峰的形状被修改时，从而创建了一个高平台，更多的问题被感知。这种现象不能用疑问句和陈述句的语音语调结构之间的句法分析差异来解释，因为这些结构是相同的。此外，该效应也被发现为非母语的听众。也就是说，美国英语的听众表现出的峰形的效果，以及作为对齐修改的结果的对齐对比度的类似使用，当识别问题与那不勒斯的陈述。这一结果表明，一个普遍使用的对齐和心理声学效果的感知目标位移，由于峰值形状。因此，尽管他们的上升-下降对比之间的声学和语用差异，美国和那不勒斯的听众似乎采用类似的感知策略。那不勒斯的音节结构操纵结果很难解释。然而，一方面，操纵不能改变问题和陈述之间的交叉边界，另一方面，对于陈述模态的开音节和闭音节连续体的反应曲线是显著不同的。结果表明，没有前瞻机制时，计算感知目标位置。也就是说，问句和陈述句的音调目标是相对于重读音节的左边缘计算的，因此重读元音持续时间（在闭音节中较短）没有影响。一个明确的类别边界转移时，发现刺激resynthesized无论是从一个问题基地或陈述性的基础话语。这表明，当计算感知音高重音对比度时，采用了除目标对齐之外的线索。总之，这项工作提出，时间对齐，无论是作为一种生产和感知机制，必须塑造语音系统的语调对比，无论是内部和跨语言。
Tonal targets can be defined in terms of two-dimensions, i.e., ``alignment' and ``scaling', where alignment specifies the exact temporal implementation of tonal highs (H) and lows (L) relative to structural elements (such as syllables and morae) and their segments. Alignment patterns might be constrained by various linguistic factors, such as phonological as well as phonetic factors. Among the phonological factors, the grammar of stress-accent languages specifies that the tones of a pitch accent must be aligned with those syllables that are marked as stressed in the lexicon. Moreover, syllable structure can constrain tune-text alignment. For instance, in Neapolitan Italian, the peak of a LH rising accent occurs closer to the offset of the stressed vowel when the vowel is in a closed syllable, and therefore short. Among the phonetic constraints, one finds facts about the perception of pitch and time, both for speech and for non-speech stimuli. This work investigates the role of alignment in determining tonal target perception for yes/no question and (narrow focus) statement contours in Neapolitan Italian. These contours are characterized by a melodic rise-fall, analyzed here as a sequence of a LH pitch accent plus a HL phrase tone. The separation of the rise and the fall is clear in the case of long focus constituents containing at least two words with independently stressed syllables. In more typical cases, however, this configuration is acoustically realized as a sequence of three tonal targets, LHL, due to ``merging' of the H tone sequence in nuclear position. This study shows that the precise alignment of each of those tonal events influences the perception of the question/statement contrast. A read speech corpora, produced by two speakers of Neapolitan Italian, was first analyzed to acoustically characterize tonal targets in both yes/no questions and narrow focus statements, with target words differing in syllable structure and segmental environment. Later, a set of resynthesized stimuli was created, which constituted the basis for the perception experiments. Results show that, when tonal targets for the entire rise-fall are displaced later in time, more questions are identified. The results also suggest that F0 height has a minor role in signaling pitch accent differences, while rise and fall slope have no impact. Additionally, when the shape of the peak in the rise-fall is modified, so that a high plateau is created, more questions are perceived. This phenomenon cannot be accounted for in terms of a parsing difference between the question and the statement phonological tone structures, since those structures are the same. Moreover, the effect was also found for non-native listeners. Namely, American English listeners showed an effect of peak shape, as well as a similar use of the alignment contrast as a consequence of alignment modifications, when identifying questions vs. statements of Neapolitan. This result suggests a universal use of alignment and a psychoacoustic effect of perceived target displacement due to peak shape. Hence, despite acoustic and pragmatic differences between their rise-fall contrasts, American and Neapolitan listeners appear to employ similar perceptual strategies. The Neapolitan results for the syllable structure manipulation are difficult to interpret. While, on the one hand, the manipulation was not able to shift the crossover boundary between questions and statements, on the other hand the response curves for the open and closed syllable continua for the statement modality were significantly different. The results suggest that no look-ahead mechanism is employed when computing perceived target location. That is, question and statement tonal targets are computed relative to the left edge of the stressed syllable, so that stressed vowel duration (which is shorter in closed syllables) has no effect. A clear category boundary shift was found when stimuli were resynthesized from either a question base or a declarative base utterance. This suggests that cues other than target alignment are employed when computing perceived pitch accent contrast. In sum, this work proposes that temporal alignment, both as a production and a perception mechanism, must shape phonological systems of intonational contrast, both within and across languages.
DOI：
10.1121/1.420346
发表时间：
1997-11
期刊：
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. P. Madden;K. M. Fire
通讯作者：
J. P. Madden;K. M. Fire