Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan
Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan
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DOI：
10.1007/s00024-012-0511-7
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发表时间：
2013-06
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
A. Suppasri;N. Shuto;F. Imamura;S. Koshimura;E. Mas;A. Yalciner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Suppasri;N. Shuto;F. Imamura;S. Koshimura;E. Mas;A. Yalciner
2011年，日本遭受了历史上最严重的地震引发的海啸。按照正常情况，第一次海啸警报是在地震发生后 3 分钟发布的，但未能估计实际的海啸高度。大多数结构对策并不是针对M=9.0级地震引发的巨大海啸而设计的；结果，许多建筑被毁，并没有阻止海啸。这些建筑物包括防波堤、海堤、水闸和控制林。在本文中，我们讨论了这些对策的性能以及它们受到损害的机制；我们还讨论了住宅、商业和公共建筑以及疏散建筑的损坏情况。讨论了有关海啸意识和缓解措施的一些主题。结构防御的失败提醒人们，仅靠结构（硬）措施不足以保护人员和建筑物免受此类重大灾难的影响。这些防御设施或许能够减少影响，但其设计应确保即使海啸席卷其上，它们也能幸存。沿海居民也应该了解硬措施的作用和局限性。为此，非结构性（软）措施，例如经验和意识，对于促进海啸发生时的快速疏散非常重要。适当的海啸预警信息通信系统和更多疏散避难所以及疏散路线状况良好的可能有助于安全疏散过程。硬措施和软措施的结合对于减少特大海啸造成的损失非常重要。这次海啸告诉我们，自然灾害可能会反复发生，而且其规模有时会超出预期。
In 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in its history. The first tsunami warning was announced 3 min after the earthquake, as is normal, but failed to estimate the actual tsunami height. Most of the structural countermeasures were not designed for the huge tsunami that was generated by the magnitudeM= 9.0 earthquake; as a result, many were destroyed and did not stop the tsunami. These structures included breakwaters, seawalls, water gates, and control forests. In this paper we discuss the performance of these countermeasures, and the mechanisms by which they were damaged; we also discuss damage to residential houses, commercial and public buildings, and evacuation buildings. Some topics regarding tsunami awareness and mitigation are discussed. The failures of structural defenses are a reminder that structural (hard) measures alone were not sufficient to protect people and buildings from a major disaster such as this. These defenses might be able to reduce the impact but should be designed so that they can survive even if the tsunami flows over them. Coastal residents should also understand the function and limit of the hard measures. For this purpose, non-structural (soft) measures, for example experience and awareness, are very important for promoting rapid evacuation in the event of a tsunami. An adequate communication system for tsunami warning messages and more evacuation shelters with evacuation routes in good condition might support a safe evacuation process. The combination of both hard and soft measures is very important for reducing the loss caused by a major tsunami. This tsunami has taught us that natural disasters can occur repeatedly and that their scale is sometimes larger than expected.