Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Dyall SC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dyall SC
Omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA) 具有神经保护特性，是治疗多种神经退行性疾病和神经系统疾病的潜在疗法。然而，传统上，不同 omega-3 PUFA 之间缺乏区别，并且其效果已被广泛认可为整个系列。越来越多的证据表明二十碳五烯酸 (EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA) 以及最近的二十二碳五烯酸 (DPA) 具有独特功效。例如，在使用 EPA 的临床试验中，更一致地报道了对情绪障碍的有益作用；然而，对于阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病，重点是 DHA。从数量上来说，DHA 是大脑中最重要的 omega-3 PUFA，因此也是研究最多的，而直到最近，高纯度 DPA 制剂的可用性还极其有限，限制了对其作用的研究。然而，现在越来越多的证据表明 EPA、DPA 和 DHA 具有独立和共同的作用。本综述的目的是强调详细了解这些作用对于提高对其治疗潜力的了解至关重要。该综述首先概述了 omega-3 PUFA 的生物化学和代谢，特别关注中枢神经系统 (CNS)，其中 DHA 在神经元膜中具有独特且不可或缺的作用，其水平通过多种机制得以维持。接下来回顾了由 EPA、DPA 和 DHA 产生的不同酶衍生抗炎介质。最后，讨论了 EPA、DPA 和 DHA 在正常大脑衰老和最常见的神经退行性疾病中的相对保护作用。随着对 EPA、DPA 和 DHA 在大脑健康和修复中的各自作用有了更深入的了解，我们希望能够建立适当的饮食建议，并且能够更有针对性和完善治疗干预措施。
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.