Visual biology of Hawaiian coral reef fishes. III. Environmental light and an integrated approach to the ecology of reef fish vision
Visual biology of Hawaiian coral reef fishes. III. Environmental light and an integrated approach to the ecology of reef fish vision
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作者：
Marshall, NJ;Jennings, K;Losey, GS
在这三部分系列的前两篇论文中，我们已经研究了夏威夷珊瑚礁鱼的视觉色素、视觉媒介传输和颜色。本文首先详细介绍了夏威夷珊瑚礁上微生境水平的光场和背景颜色方面，并从珊瑚礁上生活的鱼类的角度和尺度进行了研究。其次，将所有三篇论文的信息结合起来，试图研究珊瑚礁居民视觉生态的趋势。我们的目标是开始看到鱼的方式，他们出现在其他鱼类。综合所有三份文件的结果得出的意见如下。黄色和蓝色本身与珊瑚礁上的背景非常匹配，如珊瑚和水平观察的水体。因此，这些颜色，根据上下文，可能是重要的伪装以及引人注目。鱼的颜色的光谱特性与已知的光谱灵敏度在珊瑚鱼单锥和调谐最大的信号可靠性时，对已知的背景。在一个模拟的二色视觉系统的光谱灵敏度的最佳位置一般接近已知的珊瑚鱼的敏感性。模型还预测，紫外线敏感和红色敏感的锥体类型都有利于各种任务。紫外线敏感的视锥细胞在某些珊瑚鱼中是已知的，红色敏感的视锥细胞还没有被发现。唇鱼的颜色，对我们来说是绿色或蓝色，可能是为了伪装而与叶绿素反射的远红成分相匹配。红色洞穴/洞穴居住的珊瑚礁鱼与它们经常被观看的背景相对较差，但这可能与视觉无关。该模型预测，区分绿色藻类从珊瑚的任务是优化与相对较长波长的视觉色素对。食草动物的视觉色素是已知的，它们拥有迄今为止发现的最长的敏感性。“Labroid复合色”是近距离高度对比的互补色，但由于远距离低视觉分辨率导致的空间增加，它们可以很好地匹配背景水色。因此，它们是有效的同时通信和伪装。
In the previous two papers in this three-part series, we have examined visual pigments, ocular media transmission, and colors of the coral reef fish of Hawaii. This paper first details aspects of the light field and background colors at the microhabitat level on Hawaiian reefs and does so from the perspective and scale of fish living on the reef. Second, information from all three papers is combined in an attempt to examine trends in the visual ecology of reef inhabitants. Our goal is to begin to see fish the way they appear to other fish. Observations resulting from the combination of results in all three papers include the following. Yellow and blue colors on their own are strikingly well matched to backgrounds on the reef such as coral and bodies of horizontally viewed water. These colors, therefore, depending on context, may be important in camouflage as well as conspicuousness. The spectral characteristics of fish colors are correlated to the known spectral sensitivities in reef fish single cones and are tuned for maximum signal reliability when viewed against known backgrounds. The optimal positions of spectral sensitivity in a modeled dichromatic visual system are generally close to the sensitivities known for reef fish. Models also predict that both UV-sensitive and red-sensitive cone types are advantageous for a variety of tasks. UV-sensitive cones are known in some reef fish, red-sensitive cones have yet to be found. Labroid colors, which appear green or blue to us, may he matched to the far-red component of chlorophyll reflectance for camouflage. Red cave/hole dwelling reef fish are relatively poorly matched to the background they are often viewed against but this may be visually irrelevant. The model predicts that the task of distinguishing green algae from coral is optimized with a relatively long wavelength visual pigment pair. Herbivorous grazers whose visual pigments are known possess the longest sensitivities so far found. "Labroid complex colors" are highly contrasting complementary colors close up but combine, because of the spatial addition, which results from low visual resolution, at distance, to match background water colors remarkably well. Therefore, they are effective for simultaneous communication and camouflage.