Long‐term changes and regional differences in temperature and precipitation in the metropolitan area of Hamburg
Long‐term changes and regional differences in temperature and precipitation in the metropolitan area of Hamburg
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DOI：
10.1002/joc.1968
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发表时间：
2010-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Schlünzen;P. Hoffmann;G. Rosenhagen;W. Riecke
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文献类型：
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作者：
K. Schlünzen;P. Hoffmann;G. Rosenhagen;W. Riecke
气候变化和城市气候的“绿色城市”汉堡及其大都市区的温度和降水的观测数据进行了分析。汉堡天气站点HH‐Fuhlsbüttel的数值始于1891年，用于确定气候变化。来自多达45个气候站的额外数据用于分析区域气候和城市对温度[城市热岛（UHI）]和降水[城市降水影响（UPI）]的不同方面。对长期数据的分析表明，气候已经发生了变化。1891-2007年的年降水量显著增加了0.8 mm/年，1948-2007年增加了1.3 mm/年。1978年至2007年，降水量增加最多的是11月至3月和3月以及6月。降水量分布表明，在1948-1977年和1978-2007年之间，中等日降水量（≤10 mm/d）增加了约10%。同期，降水量> 10毫米/天增加了20%。平均气温显著增加0.07 K/十年（1891-2007），0.19 K/十年（1948-2007），0.6 K/十年（1978-2007），秋季增幅最大。对于UHI，发现建筑密集的城市地区的平均温度比外面高1.1 K。对于更多的绿色城市地区，值大约减半，但也取决于更多的当地影响。最低温度高达3 K高，最高温度略低于在城市中心比农村在夏季。整个市区的冬季气温都比较高。城市热岛差异取决于风速;这种依赖性最好用风速的平方根倒数来描述。不同风向的分类结果表明，城市地区下风侧的降水量明显高于上风侧（5-20%）。版权所有© 2009皇家气象学会
Climate changes and the urban climate of the ‘green city’ Hamburg and its metropolitan region are analyzed using observational data for temperature and precipitation. Values for Hamburg's synoptic site HH‐Fuhlsbüttel start in 1891 and are used to determine climate changes. Additional data from up to 45 climate stations are used to analyze the different aspects of the regional climate and urban effects on the temperature [urban heat island (UHI)] and precipitation [urban precipitation impact (UPI)]. The analysis of the long‐term data shows that the climate has already changed. Annual precipitation significantly increases ∼0.8 mm/year when focusing on years 1891–2007 and ∼1.3 mm/year for 1948–2007. Precipitation increases are largest in November through March and March as well as June for 1978–2007. For April and July of this period, a precipitation decrease is found. The precipitation distribution shows that moderate daily precipitation amounts (≤10 mm/day) have increased by about 10% between 1948–1977 and 1978–2007. Precipitation amounts > 10 mm/day have increased by 20% in the same period. Average temperatures significantly increase by 0.07 K/decade (1891–2007), 0.19 K/decade (1948–2007), 0.6 K/decade (1978–2007) with largest significant increases in fall. For the UHI, it is found that the average temperature is higher up to 1.1 K in the densely build‐up city area than outside. Values are about halved for more green urban areas but also depend on more local impacts. The minimum temperatures are up to 3 K higher and maximum temperatures slightly lower in the inner city than in the rural during summer. The winter temperatures are higher throughout the urban area. The UHI differences depend on wind speed; this dependence is best described by using the inverse square root of the wind speed. Classification using different wind directions shows that the precipitation is significantly higher (5–20%) for downwind of urban areas compared with the upwind side. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society