ORIENTING RESPONSE AS NOVELTY AND SIGNIFICANCE DETECTOR - REPLY
ORIENTING RESPONSE AS NOVELTY AND SIGNIFICANCE DETECTOR - REPLY
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02989.x
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发表时间：
1979-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
BERNSTEIN, AS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BERNSTEIN, AS
‘’戈尔曼‘’S批评定向反应(OR)意义假说是没有根据的。这一假说并不仅仅基于皮肤电刺激数据，还引用了报道心率和瞳孔OR的显著影响的研究。这一假说并没有抛弃新颖性，而是表明不确定性和重要性之间的相互作用会引发OR。OR组件之间的不同反应性反映了刺激和个人反应因素，不需要单独的显著寄存器。由于该假说明确地认为，对刺激意义的评价影响OR，而不仅仅是认知评价本身的事实，因此没有预期一般的认知评价效应。奥戈尔曼混淆了S对意义的自发判断和在实验室中操纵意义的相对容易的估计对象的难度。他认为经典的OR理论更客观，只是因为他没有足够仔细地研究刺激摄取、模型构建和匹配功能所涉及的复杂判断过程。S关于不同的初始与检验-OR以及重要性与OR之间的简单相加关系的论点缺乏支持性数据，并受到现有证据的挑战。引用文献表明：扫描持续偏向于检测显著刺激；显著刺激特征的检测触发增加的信息扫描，增加了先前未识别的不确定性将被检测到的可能性；并且降低了OR阈值的标准水平，如果检测到不确定性，则增加OR的可能性。本文引用的证据表明，重要性OR，也许是一般的注意，是由新皮质-边缘相互作用调节的，边缘动机评估刺激输入，引导和切换刺激模式的新皮质智力分析器。[讨论了人类和动物研究。]
O''Gorman''s criticisms of the orienting response (OR) significance hypothesis are not well-founded. The hypothesis is not based solely on electrodermal data, studies reporting significance effects for heart rate and pupillary OR are cited. The hypothesis does not discard novelty but suggests that an interaction between uncertainty and significance triggers OR. Differential reactivity across OR components reflects stimulus- and individual-response factors, and does not require separate significance registers. Since the hypothesis specifically maintains that appraisals of stimulus significance affect the OR, not the mere fact of cognitive appraisal per se, no general cognitive appraisal effect was ever expected. O''Gorman confuses the difficulty of estimating the subject''s spontaneous judgments of significance with the relative ease of manipulating significance in the laboratory. He considers classic OR theory more objective only because he fails to look closely enough at the complex judgmental processes involved in stimulus intake, model building and matching functions. O''Gorman''s contentions of different initial- and test- OR, and of a simple additive relationship between significance and OR, lack supportive data and are challenged by available evidence. Literature is cited suggesting that: scanning is continuously biased toward the detection of significant stimuli; detection of a significant stimulus feature triggers increased information scanning, increasing the possibility that previously unrecognized uncertainty will be detected; and lowers the criterion level of the OR threshold, increasing the likelihood of OR if uncertainty is detected. Evidence is cited suggesting that the significance-OR, and perhaps attention in general, is mediated by neocortical-limbic interaction, the limbic motivational evaluator of stimulus input steering and switching neocortical intellectual analyzers of stimulus pattern. [Human and animal studies were discussed.].