Foreshore sand as a source of Escherichia coli in nearshore water of a Lake Michigan beach
Foreshore sand as a source of Escherichia coli in nearshore water of a Lake Michigan beach
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DOI：
10.1128/aem.69.9.5555-5562.2003
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Nevers, MB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Whitman, RL;Nevers, MB
在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市的63街海滩，由于大肠杆菌浓度超标而发出的游泳警告很常见。进行了一项深入研究，以确定海滩水和沙滩上大肠杆菌的来源和命运。2000年4月至9月，每周连续三天，每天或每天两次在两个深度采集水和砂样（水样，n = 1,747；砂样，n = 858）；同时也记录了水文气象条件和鸟类及游泳者的分布情况。沙中大肠杆菌浓度与水中大肠杆菌浓度呈显著相关，前滨沙中大肠杆菌浓度最高，水下沉积物中大肠杆菌浓度次之，越深的水中大肠杆菌浓度越高。在特定区域海鸥活动后的第二天，沙子和水中的海鸥对大肠杆菌密度的贡献最为明显。大肠杆菌在2周内重新定植在新放置的前海岸沙子上。方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析、浓度梯度、时空分布、人口统计模式和DNA指纹分析表明，大肠杆菌可能在没有外部输入的情况下维持夏季温带沙滩上的种群密度。本研究提供的证据表明，前海岸沙滩(i)在细菌湖泊水质中起着主要作用，（ii）是大肠杆菌进入湖水的重要非点源，而不是净汇，（iii）可能在环境上，也许在卫生上存在问题，（iv）可能能够在独立于湖泊、人类或动物输入的情况下，持续一段时间支持本地高密度指示细菌。
Swimming advisories due to excessive Escherichia coli concentrations are common at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago, Ill. An intensive study was undertaken to characterize the source and fate of E. coli in beach water and sand at the beach. From April through September 2000, water and sand samples were collected daily or twice daily at two depths on three consecutive days per week (water samples, n = 1,747; sand samples, n = 858); hydrometeorological conditions and bird and bather distributions were also recorded. E. coli concentrations in sand and water were significantly correlated, with the highest concentration being found in foreshore sand, followed by those in submerged sediment and water of increasing depth. Gull contributions to E. coli densities in sand and water were most apparent on the day following gull activity in a given area. E. coli recolonized newly placed foreshore sand within 2 weeks. Analysis of variance, correlation, cluster analyses, concentration gradients, temporal-spatial distribution, demographic patterns, and DNA fingerprinting suggest that E. coli may be able to sustain population density in temperate beach sand during summer months without external inputs. This research presents evidence that foreshore beach sand (i) plays a major role in bacterial lake water quality, (ii) is an important non-point source of E. coli to lake water rather than a net sink, (iii) may be environmentally, and perhaps hygienically, problematic, and (iv) is possibly capable of supporting an autochthonous, high density of indicator bacteria for sustained periods, independent of lake, human, or animal input.