How to promote clusters: Policy experiences from Latin America
How to promote clusters: Policy experiences from Latin America
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DOI：
10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00081-9
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发表时间：
1999-09-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Meyer-Stamer, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Altenburg, T;Meyer-Stamer, J
在本文中，我们建议在制定拉丁美洲的集群导向政策时区分三种类型的集群。微型和小型企业的生存集群的存在更多地归因于不利的宏观经济条件，而不是企业家的能力和活力。他们的竞争潜力是有限的。支持措施应主要旨在改善生存条件，因为这些集群对于创造就业机会非常重要。推动力应该是打破低技能/低投资的恶性循环。更先进和差异化的大规模生产商在进口替代时代蓬勃发展，但随着向开放经济转型而面临巨大压力。在这些集群中，主要的挑战是创造一个刺激和支持学习、创新和不断升级的环境。跨国公司集群通常由外国公司主导，不仅在最后的组装阶段，而且在零部件生产方面也是如此。这些集群通常是最佳制造实践的展示；这可以用来刺激国内企业的升级，特别是让它们参与跨国公司的供应链。 (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. 保留所有权利。
In this paper we propose to differentiate between three types of clusters when it comes to formulating cluster-oriented policies in Latin America. Survival clusters of micro- and small-scale enterprises owe their existence more to unfavorable macroeconomic conditions and less to entrepreneurial competence and dynamism. Their competitive potential is limited. Support measures should mainly aim at improving the conditions for survival since these clusters are important in creating employment opportunities. The impetus should be to break through the low skills/low investment vicious circle, More advanced and differentiated mass producers have been flourishing in the import-substitution era but are coming under enormous pressure with the transition to open economies. In these clusters the main challenge is to create an environment that stimulates and supports learning, innovation, and constant upgrading. Clusters of transnational corporations are typically dominated by foreign firms not only at the final assembly stage bur also in parts production. These clusters often are showcases of best practice manufacturing; this can be used to stimulate the upgrading of domestic firms, notably by involving them in the supply-chain of transnationals. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.