Fire disturbance regimes, ecosystem recovery and restoration strategies in mediterranean and temperate regions of Chile
Fire disturbance regimes, ecosystem recovery and restoration strategies in mediterranean and temperate regions of Chile
复制标题
智利地中海和温带地区的火灾干扰制度、生态系统恢复和恢复策略
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Smith‐Ramírez
中科院分区：
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作者：
J. Armesto;Marcela A. Bustamante‐Sánchez;M. F. Díaz;Mauro E. González;A. Holz;M. Núñez;C. Smith‐Ramírez
本文概述了南美洲西南部智利(33-42度S)地中海型植被和温带森林中自然和人为火灾干扰的主要原因和历史重现时间。对于每种植被类型，我们研究了火灾对物种和生态系统的主要后果，并描述了火灾后的再生和潜在有效的生态恢复战略。在这两种生态系统类型中，人类活动极大地改变了历史干扰机制。越来越频繁的小规模火灾和大量易着火的外来植物种植园加速了智利地中海植被的退化，这些植被对反复的火灾干扰表现出较低的复原力。鉴于物种、植被覆盖和生态系统服务损失的严重程度，迫切需要积极恢复地中海硬叶植物。反复燃烧仍然是恢复工作的主要威胁。在温带森林中，历史上的火灾以低频率、大范围的火灾为特征，但由于砍伐而增加的竹子覆盖率和林冠开度正在改变森林对火灾的敏感性。森林林下竹子种群的同步死亡显著增加了火灾的可能性。几种长寿的针叶树具有营养和繁殖特性，使它们能抵抗火。对于这些以针叶树为主的山地森林来说，被动恢复是一个可行的战略，但砍伐枯木对生态系统的恢复是一个严重的威胁。低地常绿森林需要积极恢复，因为失去树冠覆盖会改变水文并提高地下水位，从而减缓树木入侵的过程。智利圣地亚哥卡托利卡大学生态和生物多样性高级研究中心。2智利大学生态与生物多样性研究所，智利圣地亚哥。科罗拉多大学地理系，美国科罗拉多州博尔德市。4FORECOS，智利南部大学，智利瓦尔迪亚。540火灾对土壤的影响及修复策略
We provide an overview of the major causes and historical recurrence times of fire disturbance, both natural and anthropogenic, in Mediterranean-type vegetation and temperate forests of Chile (33-42o S), southwestern South America. For each vegetation type, we examine the main consequences of fire for species and ecosystems and describe post-fire regeneration and potentially effective strategies for ecological restoration. In both ecosystem types, human activities have greatly altered the historical disturbance regime. Increasing frequency of small-scale fires and massive plantations of fire-prone exotics have accelerated the degradation of Chilean Mediterranean vegetation, which exhibit low resilience to repeated fire disturbance. Active restoration of Mediterranean sclerophyllous vegetation is urgently needed given the magnitude of the loss of species, vegetation cover and ecosystem services. Recurrent burning remains the major threat to restoration efforts. In temperate forests, historical fire regimes were characterized by low-frequency, large scale fires, but increasing bamboo cover and canopy opening due to logging are changing the susceptibility of forests to fire. Synchronous die-off of bamboo populations in the forest understory significantly increases fire probabilities. Several long-lived conifers have vegetative and reproductive traits that make them resistant to fire. Passive restoration is a viable strategy for these conifer-dominated, montane forests, but the harvest of dead timber is a serious threat to ecosystem recovery. Active restoration is needed in lowland evergreen forests, where the loss of canopy cover alters hydrology and raises the water table, slowing the process of tree invasion. Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2 Insituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. 4 FORECOS, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 540 Fire Effects on Soils and Restoration Strategies