Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras
Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2019.00166
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发表时间：
2019-05-29
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Rook, Lorenzo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernor, Raymond L.;Cirilli, Omar;Rook, Lorenzo
我们报道了北美、亚洲、欧洲和非洲的主要东半球马的生态和形态特征，并将所研究的化石形式与现存的灰斑马进行了比较。来自北美的单纯马，来自意大利的活立马、斯通马和斯捷利尼马，来自印度的西瓦尔马，参考。来自佐治亚州(高加索)的斯通尼斯和一匹小马，奥洛达伊斯马，库比福尔马，和马cf.本文描述了肯尼亚的Tabeti和现存的Equus grevyi的颅骨和牙齿特征，并用log10比率分析比较了它们的颅后形态尺寸。在佐治亚州的Dmanisi Homo遗址发现了这两匹马，这是首次在这里报道。我们的比较分析证实了起源于简单马的古代斑马的原始谱系，以及亚洲、南亚和欧洲的斑马在更新世-更新世的连续进化。形态分析表明，Dmanisi和E.grevyi的小马的第三掌骨和第三跖骨有明显的趋势，表明这些物种之间存在密切的亲缘关系。来自欧洲和亚洲的斯通宁马的趋势证实了来自北美简单马的可能来源。对所有东半球马的描述与其古生态背景的概述相结合，并为发现这些化石的每个地点提供了一个参考部分。这一贡献是对旧大陆马匹进化史现有知识的全面回顾，为破译古代和现代斑马的深层起源和进化提供了一些新的重要数据。
We report here ecological and morphological characterization of the main Old World Equus in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by comparing the studied fossil forms with the living Equus grevyi zebra. Equus simplicidens from North America, Equus livenzovenzis, Equus stenonis, and Equus stehlini from Italy, Equus sivalensis from India, Equus cf. stenonis and a small Equus from Georgia (Caucasus), Equus oldowayensis, Equus koobiforensis, and Equus cf. tabeti from Kenya and the extant Equus grevyi are described in their cranial and dental features and are compared in morphological postcranial dimensions by means of log10 ratio analysis. The occurrence of the two horses at the Dmanisi Homo site in Georgia is reported here for the first time. Our comparative analyses allow to confirm the primitive lineage of the ancient zebras as derived from Equus simplicidens, and the successive evolution of the stenonine horses in Asia, South Asia, and Europe during the Plio-Pleistocene. The morphological analysis has reveals a clear trend in third metacarpals and third metatarsals of E. simpicidens, the small Equus from Dmanisi and E. grevyi, suggesting a close relationship between these species. The trend of the stenonine Equus from Europe and Asia confirms the possible derivation from the North America Equus simplicidens. The description of all the Old World Equus is integrated with an overview of their paleoecological context, with a referred section for each locality where these fossils were found. This contribution represents a comprehensive review of the present knowledge of the Old World Equus evolutionary history, with some new important data in deciphering the deep origin and evolution of ancient and living zebras.