On the nature and consequences of early loss
On the nature and consequences of early loss
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DOI：
10.1097/00006842-199611000-00005
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发表时间：
1996-11-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Hofer, MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hofer, MA
目的：描述如何使用动物模型系统来探索关于丧失的性质和早期丧失对后期疾病易感性的影响的基本问题。方法：首先描述幼鼠与母鼠分离时的生理和行为反应，然后通过实验分析其组成机制。结果：这些研究揭示了通常用于理解对损失反应的心理结构背后的广泛的过程层。隐藏在可观察到的亲代和后代的相互作用中，我们发现了许多离散的感觉运动、热和营养事件，这些事件对婴儿生理和行为的特定组成部分具有意想不到的长期调节作用。在母亲分离期间，所有这些抑制性和兴奋性调节因子的释放共同构成了一种新的机制，通过这种机制，失去的经历可以转化为复杂的模式反应。在猴子和人类的母婴互动中也发现了早期调节过程的证据。在这里，它们很可能构成了依恋和客体表征发展的基石。我们和其他人已经发现了长期的损失，以及有选择地替换监管机构，对行为发展和后来对疾病的脆弱性都有影响。结论：研究结果使我们对早期依恋作为一种发展力量和人类悲伤作为一种健康风险有了新的认识。
Objective: To describe how an animal model system can be used to explore basic questions about the nature of loss and the effects of early loss on later vulnerability to disease.Methods: The physiological and behavioral responses of infant rats to separation from their mothers are first described and then analyzed experimentally into component mechanisms.Results: These studies have revealed an extensive layer of processes underlying the psychological constructs generally used to understand the response to loss. Hidden within the observable interactions of parent and offspring, we found a number of discrete sensorimotor, thermal, and nutrient-based events that have unexpected long-term regulatory effects on specific components of infant physiology and behavior. Release from all of these inhibitory and excitatory regulators together during maternal separation constitutes a novel mechanism by which the experience of loss can be translated into a complex patterned response. Evidence for early regulatory processes has also been found in monkey and human mother-infant interactions. Here they may well constitute the building blocks from which attachment and object representations develop. We and others have found long-term effects of loss, and of selective replacement of regulators, on behavioral development and on later vulnerability to disease.Conclusions: The results give us a new understanding of early attachment as a developmental force and of human grief as a risk to health.