The shifting phenological landscape: Within- and between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland.
The shifting phenological landscape: Within- and between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland.
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DOI：
10.1002/ece3.2718
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发表时间：
2017-02
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Sheldon BC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cole EF;Sheldon BC
许多生物体依赖于使其生活史事件的时间与其他营养级的时间同步-称为物候匹配-以生存或成功繁殖。在温带落叶林中，与关键树种的萌芽期相匹配的程度对许多食草昆虫和食虫鸟类特别相关。为了了解这些系统中运作的生态和进化力量，我们需要了解影响树木群落叶子出现的因素。然而，很少有人知道如何在不同的景观，或如何在不同的树种之间的空间变化是一致的，在个别树木的物候水平。在这里，我们使用现场观察，收集超过2年，以表征内和种间的差异，在春季物候为825树的6个物种（栎robur，白蜡Excelsior，水青冈，白桦，榛avellana，和槭pseudoplatanus）在385公顷的林地。我们探索环境预测的萌芽日期和芽发育率的个体差异，并建立这些物候特征如何随空间变化。所有物种的树木在萌芽时间上都表现出明显一致的个体差异。芽的发育速率也有很大的个体之间的差异，是可重复的橡树，山毛榉，和西卡莫尔。我们确定了多个预测发芽日期，包括海拔高度，当地温度和土壤类型，但没有一个是跨物种的通用。此外，我们没有发现任何证据的种间协方差的物候在林地内的空间。这些分析表明，物候景观是非常复杂的，在小的空间尺度内和物种之间的变化。植被物候的这种空间变化很可能影响消费者种群内的物候选择模式。因此，了解影响动物所经历的物候环境的因素可能是理解这些进化过程如何运作的关键。
Many organisms rely on synchronizing the timing of their life‐history events with those of other trophic levels—known as phenological matching—for survival or successful reproduction. In temperate deciduous forests, the extent of matching with the budburst date of key tree species is of particular relevance for many herbivorous insects and, in turn, insectivorous birds. In order to understand the ecological and evolutionary forces operating in these systems, we require knowledge of the factors influencing leaf emergence of tree communities. However, little is known about how phenology at the level of individual trees varies across landscapes, or how consistent this spatial variation is between different tree species. Here, we use field observations, collected over 2 years, to characterize within‐ and between‐species differences in spring phenology for 825 trees of six species (Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, and Acer pseudoplatanus) in a 385‐ha woodland. We explore environmental predictors of individual variation in budburst date and bud development rate and establish how these phenological traits vary over space. Trees of all species showed markedly consistent individual differences in their budburst timing. Bud development rate also varied considerably between individuals and was repeatable in oak, beech, and sycamore. We identified multiple predictors of budburst date including altitude, local temperature, and soil type, but none were universal across species. Furthermore, we found no evidence for interspecific covariance of phenology over space within the woodland. These analyses suggest that phenological landscapes are highly complex, varying over small spatial scales both within and between species. Such spatial variation in vegetation phenology is likely to influence patterns of selection on phenology within populations of consumers. Knowledge of the factors shaping the phenological environments experienced by animals is therefore likely to be key in understanding how these evolutionary processes operate.