The cost of secondary sexual characters and the evolution of cost‐reducing traits
The cost of secondary sexual characters and the evolution of cost‐reducing traits
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第二性征的成本和降低成本特征的进化
DOI：
10.1111/j.1474-919x.1996.tb04317.x
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
A. Møller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Møller
第二性征的特点是相对于其他物种的同源无性征，第二性征的表达更为夸张。所有的性选择模型都假设性特征的产生和维持是昂贵的，而第二性特征的产生和维持成本较低的个体将处于选择优势。许多形态、生理和行为特征可能是由于它们降低成本的特性而进化出来的：(1)身体大小，在一生中不会改变，这使得某些个体能够发展出夸张的性特征；(2)降低成本的特征，如肌肉大小，随着练习而改善；(3)实际降低成本的特征，如唱歌飞行的鸟类的翅膀大小，这是在性特征产生之前或同时产生的。降低成本的性状可能与第二性征共同进化，并允许更极端的性信号，而不是在没有它们的情况下或在减少的版本中。
Secondary sexual traits are characterized by their exaggerated expression relative to homologous nonsexual characters in other species. All models of sexual selection assume that sex traits are costly to produce and maintain, and individuals with reduced costs of production and maintenance of secondary sexual characters would be at a selective advantage. A number of morphological, physiological and behavioural traits may have evolved as a result of their cost-reducing properties: (1) body size, which does not change throughout life, that allows certain individuals to develop exaggerated sex traits, (2) cost-reducing traits, such as muscle size, that improve with practice and (3) actual cost-reducing traits, such as wing size in birds with song flight, which are produced in advance of or simultaneously with the sex trait. Cost-reducing traits may coevolve with secondary sexual characters and allow more extreme sexual signalling than would otherwise have been possible in their absence or in reduced versions.