Long-term Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among 3,271 Civilian Survivors of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center
Long-term Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among 3,271 Civilian Survivors of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center
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DOI：
10.1093/aje/kwq372
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发表时间：
2011-02-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Galea, Sandro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DiGrande, Laura;Neria, Yuval;Galea, Sandro
尽管 2001 年 9 月 11 日的恐怖袭击是美国历史上最大的人为灾难，但现有的研究却很少记录这次袭击对最直接受影响的人（即世界贸易中心塔楼中的人员）造成的后果。袭击发生后 2-3 年进行的一项横断面调查的数据确定了疏散世贸中心 1 号和 2 号塔楼的 3,271 名平民普遍存在与灾难相关的长期创伤后应激症状和可能的创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)。总体而言，95.6% 的幸存者报告至少有一种当前的创伤后应激症状。作者通过使用 PTSD 检查表估计 PTSD 的概率为 15.0%。女性和少数族裔患创伤后应激障碍的风险增加。观察到与年收入呈很强的反比关系。直接暴露于恐怖袭击的五个特征独立预测了创伤后应激障碍：处于塔楼的高楼层、较晚开始疏散、陷入塔楼倒塌产生的尘埃云、亲眼目睹恐怖和受伤。为导致死亡的雇主工作也增加了风险。每增加一次直接暴露经历都会导致 PTSD 风险增加 2 倍（比值比 = 2.09，95% 置信区间：1.84、2.36）。在筛查大规模恐怖事件幸存者的长期心理后遗症时，识别这些风险因素可能很有用。
Although the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were the largest human-made disaster in US history, there is little extant research documenting the attacks' consequences among those most directly affected, that is, persons who were in the World Trade Center towers. Data from a cross-sectional survey conducted 2-3 years after the attacks ascertained the prevalence of long-term, disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 3,271 civilians who evacuated World Trade Center towers 1 and 2. Overall, 95.6% of survivors reported at least 1 current posttraumatic stress symptom. The authors estimated the probable rate of PTSD at 15.0% by using the PTSD Checklist. Women and minorities were at an increased risk of PTSD. A strong inverse relation with annual income was observed. Five characteristics of direct exposure to the terrorist attacks independently predicted PTSD: being on a high floor in the towers, initiating evacuation late, being caught in the dust cloud that resulted from the tower collapses, personally witnessing horror, and sustaining an injury. Working for an employer that sustained fatalities also increased risk. Each addition of an experience of direct exposure resulted in a 2-fold increase in the risk of PTSD (odds ratio = 2.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.84, 2.36). Identification of these risk factors may be useful when screening survivors of large-scale terrorist events for long-term psychological sequelae.