Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization: Introduction: A New Approach to the Study of Emotional Development
Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization: Introduction: A New Approach to the Study of Emotional Development
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情绪、发展和自组织：简介：情绪发展研究的新方法
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511527883.002
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
I. Granic
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marc D. Lewis;I. Granic
情绪发展在整个生命周期中都有一个详细的模式。这种模式由快速变化期与巩固和稳定期交替组成，在普遍发展主题上自我放大个体差异，以及情感、思想、个性、行为和自我调节的逐渐复杂性。我们知道，情绪发育的模式并不是某种特定物种或遗传程序的直接表达。它也不是简单地读出社会化实践、家庭经历或任何其他环境意外情况。尽管我们试图预测情绪发展，但情绪发展是不确定的，几乎在任何年龄都是可塑性的。尽管我们进行了规范的分类，但它的特点是特殊和独特的轨迹。简而言之，情绪的发展是有组织和有序的，而不是预先指定或编程的。我们如何解释其内在的组织结构？情感发展如何在没有设计或指导的情况下实现其连贯性、复杂性和模式化？就像在其他发展领域一样，这个问题的最佳答案似乎取决于远远超出发展心理学的原则。这些原则表达了一种跨越自然科学的变化和新颖性的新方法，这种方法被不同地称为非线性动力系统理论(或简称动态系统理论)、复杂系统理论或混沌理论。这种观点的核心是，自然系统的行为与牛顿力学很好地描述的简单、理想化的系统非常不同。自然界中的系统的特征是许多组件之间的相互作用，无论是流体中的分子、身体或大脑中的细胞、生态系统中的生物，还是社会中的个人。这种复杂性不仅仅是一个细节。复杂系统各要素之间的相互作用是相互作用的，各组成部分同时相互影响，并且随着时间的推移，它们作为系统反复出现。
Emotional development traces a detailed pattern across the lifespan. This pattern is comprised of periods of rapid change alternating with periods of consolidation and stability, self-amplifying individual variations on universal developmental themes, and progressive complexity in feelings, thoughts, personality, behavior, and self-regulation. We know that the patterning of emotional development is not a direct expression of some species-specific or genetic program. Nor is it simply a readout of socialization practices, family experience, or any other set of environmental contingencies. Despite our attempts to predict it, emotional development is indeterminate and malleable at almost any age. Despite our normative classifications, it is characterized by idiosyncratic and unique trajectories. In short, emotional development is organized and orderly without being prespecified or programmed. How do we account for its intrinsic organization? How does emotional development achieve its coherence, complexity, and patterning without design or instruction? As in other developmental domains, the best answer to this question seems to depend on principles that extend well beyond developmental psychology. These principles express a new approach to change and novelty across the natural sciences, an approach variously called nonlinear dynamical systems theory (or dynamic systems theory, for short), complex systems theory, or chaos theory. At the heart of this perspective is the idea that natural systems behave very differently than the simple, idealized systems so well described by Newtonian mechanics. Systems in nature are characterized by interactions among many components, whether molecules in a fluid, cells in a body or brain, organisms in an ecosystem, or individuals in a society. This complexity is not just a detail. The interactions among the elements of complex systems are reciprocal, with constituents influencing each other simultaneously, and they recur over time, as systems