Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
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DOI：
10.3791/53772
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发表时间：
2016-02-01
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Merkus, Daphne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
De Wijs-Meijler, Daphne P. M.;Stam, Kelly;Merkus, Daphne
本协议描述了对猪进行慢性器械治疗的外科手术程序，以及在电动跑步机上锻炼猪的程序。早期心肺功能障碍很难诊断，特别是在动物模型中，因为心肺功能通常是侵入性测量的，需要麻醉。由于许多麻醉剂对心脏有抑制作用，心血管功能的细微变化可能会被掩盖。相比之下，慢性器械允许在清醒状态下测量心肺功能，因此可以在安静的休息条件下进行测量，而不会受到麻醉和急性手术创伤的影响。此外，当动物经过适当的训练后，也可以在分级的跑步机运动中获得测量结果。流量探头放置在主动脉或肺动脉周围，用于测量心输出量，并放置在左冠状动脉前降支周围，用于测量冠状动脉血流量。在主动脉、肺动脉、左房、左室和右室植入充液导管，用于测压和采血。此外，在前室间静脉放置20G导管，以便进行冠状静脉采血。恢复一周后，将猪放在电动跑步机上，将导管连接到压力和流量计，并进行五阶段渐进运动方案，每一阶段持续3分钟。在每个运动阶段的最后30秒，血液动力学信号被连续记录并采集血液样本。研究慢性仪器动物的主要优势是它可以连续评估心肺功能，不仅在休息时，而且在运动等身体应激期间也是如此。此外，可以在疾病发展和慢性治疗期间重复评估心肺功能，从而增加统计能力，从而限制研究所需的动物数量。
This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.